浅析成都市机动车保有量的增加对大气污染物中二氧化氮浓度的影响

本文利用成都市城区近4年的环境空气二氧化氮浓度资料,结合成都市机动车保有量,分析了成都市机动车保有量的增加对空气中二氧化氮浓度的影响。分析表明,成都市机动车保有量的增加对空气中二氧化氮浓度有明显影响,尤以交通干道附近最为显著,二氧化氮浓度较非交通干线分别偏高12.0%～47.8%,成都市采取的高污染车限行等措施对二氧化氮浓度的控制起了重要作用。     

基于OMI数据的西南地区对流层NO2浓度时空变化特征分析

利用OMI数据反演得到的多时相NO_2浓度产品(空间分辨率为0.125°×0.125°),分析了2005～2017年西南地区四省市(云南省、贵州省、四川省及重庆市)对流层NO_2柱浓度的时空分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了简单分析。结果表明:(1)2005～2017年间,西南地区NO_2柱浓度年均值较小,13年的年均值为1.801 5×10~(15)molec/cm~2。年变化整体表现为先增大后减小趋势;季节变化表现为:冬季秋季春季夏季,而月变化呈内凹型分布;(2)空间分布上呈东部高、西部低的特点,并且跨度较大,四川省东部和重庆市西部地区的NO_2柱浓度年均值大于10.0×10~(15)molec/cm~2,而四川省西部和云南省中西部地区的NO_2柱浓度低于1.0×10~(15)molec/cm~2;(3)云南省的NO_2柱浓度最低,重庆市的NO_2柱浓度远远高于其他3个省;此外,云南省的年变化最为平缓,而重庆市的变化幅度最大;(4)研究区的地理位置及地形特征、气象要素、人口密集度及经济发展状况等因素都直接影响对流层NO_2柱浓度的时空分布。     

成都市冬季一次重污染过程大气颗粒物粒径谱分布

为探究重污染天气过程中颗粒物数浓度水平和分布特征,利用电迁移粒径谱仪(SMPS)和空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)等,对成都市2020年12月21～28日的大气颗粒物(12.2nm～20μm)数浓度谱进行观测分析。结果表明,污染期间颗粒物数浓度主要集中在积聚模态粒径段,数浓度谱呈三峰分布,主峰值出现在723nm左右,积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的增加是导致此次污染过程颗粒物数浓度快速升高的主要原因。各模态数浓度日变化特征明显,凝结核模态呈单峰分布,浓度高值出现在午间;爱根核模态与积聚模态呈双峰分布,浓度高值分别出现在午间和晚间。受站点周边交通源和生活源影响,颗粒物数浓度高值区主要分布在西北和东南风向1.0～1.5m/s风速下,相对湿度和能见度与积聚模态颗粒物数浓度相关性最为显著。因此,降低积聚模态数浓度有助于缓解颗粒物污染并提高大气能见度。     

成都市城区大气污染特征及其假日效应研究

对成都市城区O_3、SO_2、NO_X、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、苯和甲苯进行了为期一年的在线观测。结果表明:成都市超标最严重的为NO_X,年平均质量浓度为(100. 9±61. 5)μg/m3,超标天数为119 d。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO和NO_X的浓度均为冬季最高; O_3春夏季高而冬季低; SO_2浓度冬季相对较高但总体水平较低。春、夏、秋季成都市大气中苯系物的主要来源为机动车,冬季则是机动车源和燃烧源的综合贡献。O_3日变化呈"单峰型"; NO、苯和甲苯都在上午出现峰值; NO_2与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)均呈现出"双峰双谷"型日变化; CO也为双峰型日变化。各大气污染物浓度没有明显"周末效应",但"长假效应"显著。     

交通区位演化的经济发展时空协同与弹性识别——以重庆市为例

以重庆市区县为样本,通过交通区位指数与经济发展水平指数建模,运用主成分分析、相关分析和弹性系数法分析了2005—2015年重庆市交通区位演化与区域经济发展的时空响应与弹性关系。研究表明:①重庆市的交通区位指数呈空间异质化同向增长趋势,均值由2005年的0. 3491增至2015年的0. 4828,高值区域呈"圈层—轴线"状扩展;②重庆市经济发展水平指数的均值由2005年的0. 0659增至2015年的0. 4310,呈现空间自相关性,高值区集中在主城区周围和万州区,呈"中心—圈层"状递减态势;③交通区位指数与经济发展指数表现出显著相关性,拟合优度R2的值由2005年的0. 7293增长至2015年的0. 7456,不同的区域表现出不同的弹性格局,内部交通高弹性区域呈现出"点—块"状格局,外部交通高弹性区域呈现出"片—轴"状格局。     

湖南“红三角”潜在游客时空分布特征及其影响因素

收集湖南"红三角"潜在游客及其他相关数据,分析其时空分布特征及影响因素,构建相关模型,同时分析各影响因素的边际效应。结果发现:1受气候、节假日、重大事件等因素的影响,以天为单位的湖南"红三角"潜在游客年内时间变化呈锯齿状"M"形,以月为单位的湖南"红三角"潜在游客年内时间变化呈不规则"M"形,潜在游客年内各月分布相对平均,季节差异不大。2旅游旺季,周内潜在游客变化有较强的规律性,周中高,周末、周初略低;旅游淡季,周内潜在游客变化规律不明显;春节、十一"黄金周"潜在游客变化呈倾斜的"L"形,春节潜在游客峰值出现较晚。3"红三角"潜在游客空间分布主要受到各省区人口基数、经济发展水平、网络普及率、受教育程度、空间距离等因素的影响,各省区潜在游客大致以湖南为中心,向外逐步减少,年内各月潜在游客分布具有波动性。     

基于Moran’s I指数的京津冀地区PM2.5空间自相关分析

选取2014~2018年京津冀地区环境监测站点PM_2.5浓度观测数据,基于Moran's I指数,分析了该地区PM_2.5浓度的时空变化特征以及空间相关性。研究表明:2014~2018年京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度空间分布差异显著,2014年良、轻度、中度污染面积约占1/3,降至2018年以“良”为主;PM_2.5浓度空间分布北部、西部优于南部、东部地区,山区优于平原地区;PM_2.5浓度年平均值、IQR、Q1、Q3值及标准差均呈下降趋势,达到且接近于“良”以上程度的站点,从2014年2成增长至2018年8成;通过对历年及各月PM_2.5浓度全局Moran's I指数分析,I值(除7月外)均超过0.5,生成的P值均小于显著水平0.01,Z得分均超过了临界值2.58;年、月平均值均呈显著的集聚效应,年值集聚效应呈减弱趋势,月值集聚效应秋、冬季大于春、夏季,空间集聚效应与污染程度呈显著正相关;局部空间自相关历年、各月H-H集聚主要出现在京津冀南部地区,L-L集聚主要出现在北部地区。京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度值分布存在空间异质性,主要影响因素为地理、气候和经济环境。     

四川省城市环境空气质量及变化趋势

本文根据2000～2009年四川省24个地级城市例行空气监测数据,按照《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-1996)中的二级标准,采用综合污染指数法分析了四川省近10年环境空气质量的现状、变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明:从年际变化看,可吸入颗粒物浓度呈下降趋势,二氧化硫、二氧化氮浓度变化较平稳;年内变化显示,各污染物浓度季节变化明显,冬季污染最严重,污染程度由高到低的顺序为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季。全省综合污染指数呈下降趋势,空气污染程度得到了明显缓解,空气质量逐渐变好。     

大数据视角下的城市“三生”空间识别及分布特征研究——以乌鲁木齐市中心城区为例

基于2020年乌鲁木齐市POI数据,采用ArcGIS空间分析方法,通过构建"影响力—空间面积"权重模型定量识别了城市"三生"空间,并解析其分布特征。结果表明:①乌鲁木齐市城市"三生"空间分布格局与城市功能分区相符合。②"三生"空间分布呈现"大分散、小集中"的特征,各区分布不均衡,总体上形成"生活空间较强凝聚、生产空间相对集中、生态空间均匀分散"的格局。③生活空间呈"西北—东南"走势,呈现内部连片、外围组团状分布特征;生产空间呈现"东西两翼"的空间格局,沿交通干线布局,向产业区集聚;生态空间呈点状分布,"中心—外围"差异明显。     

京郊民俗旅游经济发展水平空间格局演化研究

以北京市为例,构建民俗旅游发展水平的综合评价体系,采用主成分分析法计算得出民俗旅游发展水平综合指数,分析了京郊民俗旅游经济发展水平空间格局的演化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:京郊民俗旅游经济发展水平整体在逐步提升,空间差距不断缩小;不同民俗旅游发展水平的区县数量结构由"树棒型"变为"纺锤体"型;高水平及低水平区县均呈现出由"斑块"离散分布发展到"连片"状相对集中分布的特征,且聚集程度越来越强,分别集中于北部和南部。资源禀赋、政策环境和区位条件是影响民俗旅游经济发展水平空间格局演化的重要因素。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.