棉油脚制皂废水处理室内试验成功

油厂棉油脚制皂废水成份复杂,主要含溶解的肥皂、未皂化的低级脂肪酸、棉油脚、甘油及氯化钠等。其特点是色度、COD、溶解性固体含量高,碱性强。采用生化法处理很困难,因此,目前国内尚无有效的处理办法。武汉市黄鹤楼除尘设备厂受钟祥县皇庄     

无公害食用菌生产技术规程的制定研究

通过分析近年来我国食用菌生产管理和产品质量安全存在的问题,论述了开展无公害食用菌生产的重要性.同时吸收各地的生产经验.根据国家有关标准,从食用菌生产场所的选择、培养基材料和水的要求、栽培管理、病虫害防治、采后处理、加工贮藏和产品质量安全检测等几个方面,提出了一整套较系统的无公害食用菌生产技术操作规程.该项技术规程在生产上的推广应用,对提高食用菌生产技术水平、改善和保障食用菌产品质量、增强产品在国际市场的竞争力将产生积极的推动作用.     

氢化油是否该打

近来,人们对于食物中的氢化植物油开始担心起来.有人把氢化植物油比作已被禁止的农药DDT,来形容它的危害程度.可见氢化植物油已经到了"老鼠过街,人人喊打"的地步.那么氢化植物油到底犯下了何等罪孽,以致遭到口诛笔伐,人们甚至要在食品中禁绝它而后快呢?让我们来仔细分析一下.     

植物油布的自燃火灾特性和抑制效果研究

为探究植物油布的自燃危险性,利用TG-DSC热重分析技术讨论其自燃火灾特性及防老剂对其的抑制效果.结果表明:油布混合样品的特征温度分别为171.7℃,380.7℃,466.7℃和555.0℃,根据特征温度将油布氧化过程划分为5个阶段:低温氧化阶段、前期燃烧阶段、混合燃烧阶段、后期燃烧阶段和燃尽阶段;植物油活化能大小顺序...     

氢化油是否该打

近来，人们对于食物中的氢化植物油开始担心起来。有人把氢化植物油比作已被禁止的农药DDT，来形容它的危害程度。可见氢化植物油已经到了“老鼠过街，人人喊打”的地步。那么氢化植物油到底犯下了何等罪孽，以致遭到口诛笔伐，人们甚至要在食品中禁绝它而后快呢？让我们来仔细分析一下。     

活性白土废水治理的实验研究

活性自土生产过程中产生大量的含微细白土颗粒的强酸性废水,处理效果一直不佳.实验改进白土生产工艺,通过粒度控制,从根本上减少白土生产过程中超细白土颗粒的产生,循环利用硫酸和洗涤水以减少成本和对环境的污染.并对影响活性自土质量的主要生产工艺条件进行了比较系统的试验研究,确定了最佳工艺条件.成功地制备了脱色率92.88%,过滤速度21.27mL/mim的高效植物油活性白土.     

中国专家:植物油低温使用无危害

<正>据《法制晚报》报道,英国科学家称用玉米油或葵花籽油等植物油做饭,可能导致包括癌症在内的多种疾病。科学家推荐使用橄榄油、椰子油、黄油甚至猪油替代普通植物油。中国营养学会理事、食品科学博士范志红在接受该报采访时表示,豆油、葵花籽油、玉米油之类含大量亚油酸,亚油酸不耐热,     

一株低温高效植物油降解菌的驯化筛选及固定化研究

为了解决因低温而导致的废水中油脂难以处理的问题,从冬季重庆大学餐厅排污管道的底泥中分离出1株可低温降解植物油的菌株DJ-1。将此菌株多次驯化培养后,在5℃条件下利用其对含20g/L菜籽油复筛培养基的模拟含油废水进行处理。经过3 d处理,可去除废水中70.63%的植物油。经16S rDNA测序分析,该菌株为假单胞菌的一个未定种属(相似度为99%)。使用泥炭和木屑作为固定化载体,按照m(泥炭)∶m(木屑)∶m(菌液)=1∶4∶20的比例将扩培后的DJ-1菌剂制作成细菌固定化菌粉。在5℃条件下利用菌粉对含20 g/L菜籽油复筛培养基的模拟含油废水进行处理,菌粉投加量为0.15 g/L。经过3 d处理,废水中植物油的降解率达到77.34%,5 d后达到85.22%。     

基于车-车碰撞仿真的驾乘人员损伤差异影响因素

为了解车-车碰撞事故中驾乘人员损伤差异影响因素,首先运用PC-Crash软件再现一例真实交通事故,通过分析面包车驾驶员的运动学及损伤响应,验证了其仿真车内乘员损伤的有效性,然后设计了包含6组车速、12个碰撞位置的72次试验,并通过仿真获得人体损伤数据,利用作图法分析所得数据.结果表明:当且仅当车速大于等于50 km/h时,驾乘人员头、胸、腿等部位的损伤才会出现明显差异,且差异程度随碰撞车速增加而增大;当车速大于50 km/h且碰撞位置在被撞车辆左侧或右侧前方时,驾乘人员各部位损伤差异最明显,其中又以腿部损伤最为突出,且靠近撞击侧乘员的损伤更严重.研究成果将为更好地利用损伤认定驾乘关系提供支持.     

动物油真被冤枉了吗

<正>近日,微信朋友圈有一篇文章广泛传播,说《纽约时报》发出颠覆性报道,称富含饱和脂肪酸的动物油背了多年黑锅,以不饱和脂肪酸为主的植物油才是心脏病的祸端。这一消息是否真实?饱和脂肪有害心血管的营养观念真的被推翻了吗?植物油跟动物油有哪些好坏之分?     

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jojoba Oil

The use of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), produced from agricultural oils as a fuel in diesel engines has been proposed as an alternative to diesel from fossil resources. Vegetable oils are produced from numerous oil seed crops. Of the several renewable sources and yet not widely known, jojoba oil appears to be promising scope for cultivation in arid and semi arid areas. The chemical structure of jojoba oil allows its use as a constituent in many lubricating oil formulation. In the present work, the process of synthesis of methyl esters from jojoba oil as alternative vegetable oil, using a basic catalyst, has been developed and optimized by application of the Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology. According to this study, the maximum yield of esters (83.5%) can be obtained, working at the maximum level of initial concentration of catalyst (1.35%) and a medium level for the operation temperature (25°C). The model has been proven to adequately describe the experimental range studied and allows to scale-up the process.     

Safety issues related to the maintenance operations in a vegetable oil refinery: A case study

The present work was focused on maintenance hazards related to vegetable oil refining. An incident occurred in an Italian vegetable oil refinery was presented to evidence this safety criticality. The incident took place during a maintenance shut down, and was associated to the ignition of the solid residual in a packed column. No fatalities or injuries were reported, but the column was strongly damaged and removed from the plant. A specific experimental characterization of the solid residues accumulated in the column, sampled both from the damaged and undamaged parts of the column, was carried out in order to determine the conditions leading to unwanted combustion of the residues. At the same time, samples taken from the damaged column steelwork were subjected to metallurgical analysis aimed at the thermal and mechanical characterization of the steel, obtaining information about the incident duration and temperature reached during the combustion phenomenon. The study evidenced the need of adequate maintenance procedures and safety management in the generic framework of food industry, identified as key lessons learned.     

Experimental Study on the Potential Application of Cottonseed Oil–Diesel Blends as Fuels for Automotive Diesel Engines

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the direct application of cottonseed oil–diesel blends as fuel for diesel engine vehicles without using additional retrofit mechanical systems. The use of biofuels is one of the main actions promoted by the European Union and member states in an effort to tackle global warming, enhance energy security and contribute to regional development. Here, the possibility to blend cottonseed oil directly with fossil diesel as a fuel for diesel engines is examined. This option has lower cost and larger well-to-wheel greenhouse gas benefits than fatty acid methylesters. The paper presents measurements of important fuel properties, density, viscosity, cetane number and cold flow characteristics. In addition, a common rail Euro 3 compliant diesel car is tested using 10% v/v cottonseed oil–diesel blends in order to examine the effects on performance and emissions of regulated pollutants and CO₂. Furthermore, particle emission characteristics are studied, including total and solid particle number concentrations and particle size distributions over driving cycles and steady state modes. The results indicate that the test fuel presents good operating characteristics and limited effects on regulated emissions and vehicle performance. These results would justify further research on the direct use of vegetable oils as automotive fuels.     

Heel contact dynamics during slip events on level and inclined surfaces

This study describes heel contact dynamics during slip events, information that must be known to develop biomechanically relevant shoe-floor coefficient of friction measurement systems. Sixteen subjects walked on a level, 5 and 10° ramp with two possible contaminants (dry, oil). Foot motion was recorded at 350 Hz and compared among no-slip, slip-recovery and slip-fall events. For all trials, the foot rotated to foot-flat, even during slip and fall trials. Heel sliding patterns recorded upon and shortly after heel contact were similar for all conditions. Slip distances, sliding velocities and heel acceleration profiles varied across trials. During the fall trials, the slipping motion of the foot was found to decelerate approximately 200 to 300 ms into stance before accelerating again, eventually leading to the fall. This deceleration was believed to be an attempt by the subject to recover from the slip. Recovery attempts on inclined surfaces were less successful than on level floors. In general, the slip distance and peak forward sliding velocity associated with fall trials were greater than or equal to 10 cm and 0.8 m/s, respectively. These complex motions at the shoe-floor interface during slipping should be taken into account for improving slip resistance measurement systems.     

Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear

This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.     

三维脚型测量技术及方法的研究

本文阐述了人体脚型的测量方法及特点,比较后得出人工测量与三维扫描测量技术之间的差别。以YETI三维脚型扫描仪为模型,详细分析了脚型扫描仪的结构原理,摸索并提出了简单实用的测量方法,讨论了YETI三维脚型扫描仪获得的原始数据、脚型横截面以及脚型投影图的特点。     

Synthesis of Bio-Diesel and Bio-Lubricant by Transesterification of Vegetable Oil with Lower and Higher Alcohols Over Heteropolyacids Supported by Clay (K-10)

The use of different lower and higher alcohols viz; methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-octanol, for the synthesis of methyl, ethyl, propyl and octyl fatty acid esters by transesterification of vegetable oil (triglycerides) with respective alcohols also known as ‘Bio-diesel’ and ‘Bio-lubricants’ was studied in detail. The reactions were carried out in a batch process. The activity with different supports like clay (K-10), activated carbon, ZSM-5, H-beta and TS-1 were compared. The superacids (heteropolyacids, HPA) viz; Dodeca-Tungstophosphoric acid [H₃PO₄·12 WO₃·xH₂O] (TPA) and Dodeca-Molybdo phosphoric acid ammonium salt hydrate [H₁₂Mo₁₂N_3-O₄₀P + aq] (DMAA) was used to increase the acidity and so the activity by loading on the most active support viz; clay (K-10). These HPA loaded on clay as a catalyst was used for the following study: effect of percent HPA loading on clay, effect of different vegetable oils, effect of different alcohols on the triglyceride conversion based on glycerol formation and selectivity based on alkyl esters formation. The data is compared at the best-optimized identical set of operating reaction conditions: 170 °C, 170 rpm, catalyst loading: 5% (w/w of reaction mixture), molar ratio (oil: alcohol): 1:15 and time on stream of 8 h. The generated data is also evaluated based on the reported one.     

A mechanism of injury to the forefoot in car crashes

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine a mechanism of injury of the forefoot due to impact loads and accelerations as noted in some frontal offset car crashes. METHODS: The impact tests conducted simulated knee-leg-foot entrapment, floor pan intrusions, whole-body deceleration, muscle tension, and foot/pedal interaction. Specimens were impacted at speeds of up to 16 m/s. To verify this injury mechanism research was conducted in an effort to produce Lisfranc type injuries and metatarsal fractures. A total of 54 lower legs of post-mortem human subjects were tested. Two possible mechanisms of injury were investigated. For the first mechanism the driver was assumed to be braking hard with the foot on the brake pedal and at 0 deg plantar flexion (Plantar Nominal Configuration) and the brake pedal was in contact with the foot behind the ball of the foot. The second mechanism was studied by having the ball of the foot either on the brake pedal or on the floorboard with the foot plantar-flexed 35 to 50 deg (Plantar Flexed Configuration). RESULTS: The Plantar Nominal injury mechanism yielded few injuries of the type the study set out to produce. Out of 13 specimens tested at speeds of 16 m/s, three had injuries of the metatarsal (MT) and tarsometatarsal joints. The Plantar Flexed Configuration injury mechanism yielded 65% injuries at high (12.5-16 m/s) and moderate (6-12 m/s) speeds. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that Lisfranc type foot injuries are the result of impacting the forefoot in the Plantar Flexed Configuration. The injuries were consistent with those reported by physicians treating accident victims and were verified by an orthopedic surgeon during post impact x-ray and autopsy. They included Lisfranc fractures, ligamentous disruptions, and metatarsal fractures.     

Foot model for tracking temperature of safety boot insoles: application to different insole materials in firefighter boots

This research is based on the development of a human foot model to study the temperature conditions of a foot bottom surface under extreme external conditions. This foot model is made by combining different manufacturing techniques to enable the simulation of bones and tissues, allowing the placement of sensors on its surface to track the temperature values of different points inside a shoe. These sensors let researchers capture valuable data during a defined period of time, making it possible to compare the features of different safety boots, socks or soles, among others. In this case, it has been applied to compare different plantar insole materials, placed into safety boots on a high-temperature surface.