硫磺粉尘爆炸特性影响因素试验研究

为了解硫磺粉尘爆炸特性,利用20 L球形爆炸装置开展正交试验和单因素试验,研究粉尘质量浓度、点火能量和粉尘粒径3个因素对硫磺粉尘最大爆炸压力(pmax)和最大爆炸压力上升速率((dp/dt)max)的影响机制。利用SPSS软件对试验数据进行极差分析,并构建回归模型。结果表明:其他条件一定时,pmax和(dp/dt)max均与粉尘质量浓度、点火能量成正相关关系,与粉尘粒径成负相关关系;3个因素的影响程度依次为:粉尘质量浓度点火能量粉尘粒径。硫磺颗粒燃烧过程生成的硫磺液滴能造成20 L球罐内的硫磺燃烧不充分,并削弱粉尘粒径对pmax和(dp/dt)max的影响;较高的点火能量可以削弱硫磺液滴的这种不利影响。     

密闭球形空间内超细铝粉爆炸特性研究

为探究超细铝粉在密闭球形空间内的爆炸危险性,采用20 L标准球形爆炸装置,研究不同试验条件下超细铝粉的爆炸特性,并分析粉尘质量浓度C_D、氧气浓度C_(O_2)和粉尘平均粒径d_(50)对爆炸特性参数(最大爆炸压力P_(max)、最大压力上升速率(dP/dt)_(max)、爆炸指数K_(st))的影响。结果表明:超细铝粉的爆炸下限质量浓度在50～80 g/m~3范围内;随C_D增大,100 nm铝粉P_(max)先增大后减小,而(dP/dt)_(max)和K_(st)也随之增大,且当C_D为2 000 g/m~3时,具有超强爆炸性;在贫氧环境下,随着C_(O_2)减小,超细铝粉氧化速率降低,释放热量减小,P_(max)和(dP/dt)_(max)均减小;对于800 nm,2μm和10μm等3种粒径的铝粉,相同氧气浓度环境下,随着d_(50)增大,铝粉比表面积减小,氧气扩散作用降低,P_(max)和(dP/dt)_(max)也随之减小。     

静电场驱动的镁铝合金粉尘爆炸特性研究北大核心CSCD

为了揭示静电因素驱动下的镁铝合金粉尘的爆炸特性,基于直流高压发生器和20 L球形爆炸测试装置,搭建了静电环境粉尘爆炸特性测试系统,测定了静电电压为3 kV、6 kV、9 kV与粉尘质量浓度为250 g/m^(3)、500 g/m^(3)、750 g/m^(3)、1000 g/m^(3)耦合条件下镁铝合金粉的爆炸特性。结果表明:静电场的存在主要影响爆炸时间和最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)_(max),对最大爆炸压力无显著影响;在同一质量浓度下,峰值压力时刻t_(max)随电压上升而缩短,如250 g/m^(3)下,静电场电压9 kV时峰值压力时刻t_(max)是压力0时的52.5%;将粉尘云爆炸过程按喷粉时刻、粉尘着火时刻、最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)_(max)时刻、峰值压力时刻t_(max)四个时刻划分为3个阶段(即t_(2)、t_(3)、t_(4)),静电场的存在使t_(2)和t_(3)缩短,对t_(4)则影响较小,整体而言静电场会加速镁铝合金粉尘爆炸过程。该研究可为深入认识静电环境下镁铝合金粉尘的爆炸机理和镁铝合金粉尘爆炸事故防治提供参考。     

NH_4H_2PO_4对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制作用试验研究

为研究NH_4H_2PO_4粉尘对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制作用,利用20 L球形爆炸试验装置分析NH_4H_2PO_4-蔗糖混合粉尘的最大爆炸压力p_(max)和最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)_(max)。结果表明:NH_4H_2PO_4能够降低蔗糖粉尘的p_(max)和(dp/dt)_(max),并延迟其到达峰值的时间,从而降低蔗糖粉尘的爆炸强度;质量浓度分别为200、350、500、750 g/m~3的蔗糖粉尘中NH_4H_2PO_4的质量分数分别达到8%、14%、14%、13%时,蔗糖粉尘被完全惰化;质量浓度为350 g/m~3的蔗糖粉尘在不同粒径(48～74、38～47、25～37μm),NH_4H_2PO_4质量分数分别达到14%、13%、11%时被完全惰化;添加NH_4H_2PO_4能有效减轻蔗糖粉尘的爆炸危害,且在一定粒径范围内,粒径越小,对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑爆效果越好。     

微米级铝粉最低着火温度和爆炸特性试验研究

为更好防治铝粉爆炸,针对不同因素对微米级铝粉的最低着火温度和爆炸特性的影响灵敏度进行试验研究,揭示不同因素对其影响程度大小。最低着火温度和爆炸特性分别由粉尘云最低着火温度测试系统和20 L球爆炸装置测试。试验结果表明:粒径越小,比表面积越大,铝粉越容易发生燃烧爆炸;逐个分析粒径、质量浓度和分散压力这3项影响因素对铝粉尘云最低着火温度影响敏感度,得出敏感度大小为粒径分散压力质量浓度;逐个分析点火延迟时间、粒径和质量浓度这3项影响因素对铝粉爆炸参数的影响灵敏度,得出灵敏度大小为粒径点火延迟时间质量浓度。     

激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力测试

因气体爆炸导致沉积粉尘的二次爆炸的威力远大于单纯的气体或者粉尘爆炸产生的威力,利用自制的装置,诱导煤粉爆炸的激波由甲烷气体爆炸产生,对激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力Pmax、爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)max进行了实验研究。该实验分别研究煤粉浓度及煤粉粒度对爆炸指数的影响,其结果表明:对于不同的煤粉浓度,存在一个理想煤粉浓度值,在这个浓度下的煤粉爆炸压力值最大;随着煤粉粒度的减小,其爆炸压力不断升高。     

湍流状态下甲烷爆炸特性的实验研究

利用20L近球形气体爆炸反应装置,测试甲烷在宏观静止和湍流两种不同状态下的爆炸特性。实验结果表明:甲烷的爆炸极限受其流动状态的影响不明显;湍流状态下甲烷爆炸压力Pm和爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)m较宏观静止状态明显增大,爆炸压力峰值时间tm明显缩短,其中爆炸压力上升速率受湍流影响较为显著;甲烷浓度不同,其爆炸受湍流影响的程度也不同,较高浓度(11%～16%)时的Pm受湍流的影响程度较大,越靠近最佳浓度(dp/dt)m和tm受湍流的影响程度越大;同一浓度下Pm和(dp/dt)m随着湍流的加强而增大,tm则缩短。该研究表明,避免和减少湍流对矿井瓦斯爆炸过程的抑制具有重要作用。     

弯管内铝粉二次爆炸及抑爆试验研究

为研究弯管对铝粉爆炸及二次爆炸传播和后果的影响,基于实验室粉尘爆炸及抑爆系统,测试并分析粉尘爆炸及其抑爆的关键参数。利用弯管中丙烷爆炸产生的激波引起铝粉二次扬尘爆炸,并针对铝粉二次爆炸进行抑爆测试。结果表明:激波吹起的铝粉引起的二次爆炸压力明显高于纯丙烷,铝粉质量浓度为500 g/m3时粉尘爆炸压力最高,加入抑爆剂后,粉尘爆炸的火焰传播时间及火焰强度明显减小,且磷酸二氢铵的抑爆效果优于碳酸钙,爆炸压力随着抑爆剂浓度的增加而降低,加入质量分数为10%的磷酸二氢铵能完全抑爆。     

谷物粉尘爆炸特性试验研究

为了解国内某啤酒企业平筛工艺过程除尘系统新鲜谷物粉尘爆炸特性,采用1.2 L哈特曼管式粉尘爆炸试验装置进行试验,以研究其粉尘粒径、质量浓度、含水率因素对谷物粉尘爆炸压力(P)及爆炸压力上升速率(d P/dt)的影响。结果表明,该谷物粉尘爆炸下限(LEL)质量浓度为125~166.67 g/m~3,质量浓度为291.67g/m~3时存在最大爆炸压力P_(max)和最大爆炸压力上升速率(d P/dt)max,分别为1.81 MPa和10 MPa/s;d P/dt与P变化具有相似性。谷物粉尘粒径由98~105μm增加至180~1 250μm,其LEL质量浓度由50~58.33 g/m~3增加至141.67~150 g/m~3,且P由0.90 MPa降低至0.72 MPa;含水率由6.39%降低至0(绝对干燥)时,P由1.3 MPa增加至2.1 MPa。     

橡胶粉尘的爆炸特性及抑爆的试验研究

为了研究橡胶粉尘的爆炸特性以及惰性粉体对橡胶粉尘的抑爆,用20 L球形爆炸装置测试橡胶粉尘的爆炸特性,分析粉尘浓度和粒径对橡胶粉尘爆炸压力(pmax)和爆炸指数(Kst)的影响,并且探究聚磷酸铵、磷酸二氢铵、碳酸钙和碳酸氢钠4种不同惰性粉体对橡胶粉尘的抑爆效果及不同粒径的聚磷酸铵对橡胶粉尘爆炸压力的影响。结果表明:在爆炸极限范围内,橡胶粉尘的爆炸压力随粉尘质量浓度增加先增大后减小;橡胶粉尘粒径越小,其爆炸后果越严重;聚磷酸铵对橡胶粉尘的抑爆效果相对较好;且在一定质量浓度范围内粒径越小,抑爆效果越好。     

固体惰性介质对煤粉爆炸压力的影响研究

通过对固体惰性介质在减轻煤粉爆炸作用的实验研究,给出影响固体惰化剂作用效果的主要影响因素。实验分别选用来自加拿大和中国的3种煤粉和石灰石,对每种实验样品的成分、粒度都进行分析。用20L球形容器进行实验,测定煤粉中加入不同含量的石灰石后煤粉爆炸的Pmax和(dp/dt)max值。结果表明,石灰石能够起到减轻煤粉爆炸影响的作用,并且随着煤粉粒度的减小,要达到相同的抑爆效果需要的石灰石的用量将加大。     

Study on explosion risk of aluminum powder under different dispersions

This paper mainly studied the influence of particle size distribution on the explosion risk of aluminum powder under the span of large particle size distribution. The measurement was carried out with the 20 L explosion ball and the Hartmann tube. The statistical analysis was used to analyze the relevance between the parameters of explosion risk and the particle size parameters. Test results showed that with the increase of particle size, the sensitivity parameter increases and the intensity parameter deceleration decreases. The effect of particle size change on MEC and MIE of small particle size aluminum powder is relatively small but greater impact on Pm and (dP/dt)m. The small particle size components greatly increasing the sensitivity of the explosion and accelerating the rate of the explosion reaction; while the large particle size component contributes to the maximum explosion pressure. D_3,2 particle size dust determines the risk of aluminum powder explosion.     

Combustion characteristics of pure aluminum and aluminum alloys powders

In this work, the explosion and combustion characteristics of aluminum and some aluminum alloys AlSi7Mg0.6, AlSi10Mg, AlMg5 under powders conditioning were studied. The idea was to compare the combustion of pure aluminum and aluminum alloys. The Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) and explosion severity ΔP_max and (dP/dt)_max which represents the dust explosion parameters were measured for all powders using Hartman tube and 20 L spherical bomb. The particles temperature and flame temperature were determined by using IR pyrometer and spectroscopy respectively. The results showed that pure aluminum was more sensitive and severe than its alloys. MIE were: 4 mJ for pure aluminum, 13–23 mJ for aluminum alloys. For severity parameters, the overpressure ΔP_max were around 7–8 bars with maximum rate of pressure rise at 1170 bar/s for aluminum and 5–7 bars with 250–360 bar/s for alloys. However, it has been observed that flame temperatures were similar for aluminum and alloys and vary around 2800–3300 K as a function of concentration.     

Observations of microscopic characteristics of post-explosion coal dust samples

To reveal the microscopic characteristics of the post-explosion coal dust samples, coal dust explosion tests were performed in a 20 L spherical vessel. The explosion characteristic parameters, such as the maximum pressure (P_max), the maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP/dt)_max), ignition time (t) and the deflagration index (K_St) were recorded. Meanwhile, the post-explosion dust samples were collected and analyzed. The research efforts include particle size distribution analysis, SEM analysis and FTIR analysis of dust samples before and after the explosion. The particle size range of post-explosion dust samples became wider according to the mass percent analysis. The microscopic appearance of samples in same particle size range showed some similarity. The porous structure of dust samples was observed by improving the SEM magnification. The chemical structure of dust samples before and after explosion was analyzed by FTIR.     

Study of the influence of melamine polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide on the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of aluminum magnesium alloy dust

When aluminum magnesium alloy dust floats in the air, a certain ignition energy can easily cause an accidental explosion. To prevent and control the occurrence of accidental explosions and reduce the severity of accidents, it is necessary to carry out research on the explosion suppression of aluminum magnesium alloy dust. This paper uses a vertical glass tube experimental device and a 20 L spherical explosive experimental device to carry out experimental studies on the suppression of the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of aluminum magnesium alloy dust with melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and Al(OH)₃. With increasing MPP and Al(OH)₃ concentrations, the flame brightness darkened, the flame velocity and propagation distance gradually decreased, and P_max and (dp/dt)_max decreased significantly. When the amount of MPP added reached 60%, the flame propagation distance decreased to 188 mm, which is a decrease of 68%, and the explosion overpressure decreased to 0.014 MPa, effectively suppressing the explosion of aluminum magnesium alloy dust. The experimental results showed that MPP was more effective than Al(OH)₃ in inhibiting the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of the aluminum magnesium alloy dust. Finally, the inhibitory mechanisms of the MPP and Al(OH)₃ were further investigated. The MPP and Al(OH)₃ endothermic decomposition produced an inert gas, diluted the oxygen concentration and trapped active radicals to terminate the combustion chain reaction.     

水平管道内铝粉爆炸特性的试验研究

为研究铝粉在密闭空间内爆炸特性,降低其爆炸造成的损害,利用自行设计的水平管道式可燃气体-粉尘爆炸装置,在室温下对粒度为6～8μm,9～12μm,15～17μm的铝粉在100～800 g/m3浓度范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究。结果表明:铝粉在浓度为600 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率最大,爆炸时间最小;铝粉浓度较低时,由于氧气充足,随着铝粉浓度增大,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸时间减小;当铝粉浓度超过600 g/m3,受到氧气浓度限制,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随浓度增大而减小,爆炸时间增大;相同浓度的铝粉,粒度越小,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率越大,爆炸时间越小。粒度越小的铝粉,爆炸的可能性和危险性越大。     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性研究

为研究玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性,采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20 L球爆炸测试装置对200目(<75μm)以下的玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性进行评估,基于静电火花和粉尘质量浓度对粉尘爆炸的影响,对玉米淀粉的静电火花最小点火能量、爆炸下限质量浓度、最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数进行了研究,根据试验结果对玉米淀粉爆炸危险性进行分级。试验结果表明:温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.80 MPa,粉尘质量浓度在250～750 g/m3范围内,粉尘的最小点火能量随着粉尘质量浓度增加而降低,其最小点火能量在40～80 mJ之间;在点火能量为10 kJ时,粉尘爆炸下限质量浓度在50～60 g/m3之间;在粉尘质量浓度为750 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大,为0.66 MPa;在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大,为17.21 MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。     

Study of dust cloud behaviour in the modified Hartmann tube using the image subtraction method (ISM)

A dispersion of fine particles in the air is needed for a dust explosion to occur since an explosion is the fast combustion of particles in the air. When particles are poorly dispersed, agglomerated, or their concentration is low, the combustion velocity decreases, and deflagration would not occur. The combustion rate is strictly related to dust concentration. Therefore, the maximum explosion pressure rise occurs at dust concentration close to stoichiometric. Conversely, Minimum Explosion Concentration (MEC) is the lower limit at which self-sustained combustion and a pressure rise are possible. Dust explosion tests are designed to reproduce the dispersion and generation of dust clouds in industrial ambiences by using dispersion devices activated by pressurised air pulses. The resulting dust cloud, which has a marked transient character, is considered representative of real clouds by current standards. Over time, several studies have been carried out to optimise these devices (e.g. to reduce the inhomogeneity of the cloud in the 20 L sphere). The Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of dust is measured using the Mike3 modified Hartmann tube, where the ignition attempt is made 60–180 ms after dust dispersion regardless of dust characteristics.This work investigates the dust clouds’ actual behaviour inside the modified Hartmann tube before ignition using high-velocity video movies and a new image post-treatment method called Image Subtraction Method (ISM). Movies are recorded with high-speed cameras at a framerate of 2000 fps and elaborated with an on-purpose developed LabVIEW® code. Concentration (mass per volume) and dispersion pressure are varied to evaluate their effect on dust clouds. Maise starch, iron powder and silica powder are chosen to investigate the effect of particle density and size on the cloud structure and turbulence. This approach will help to investigate the structure of the dust cloud, the shape and size of the particle lumps and the change in dust concentration over time. In addition, information on the actual concentration and cloud turbulence at the ignition location and delay time were obtained, which may help identify the local turbulence scale and widen the characterisation of the cloud generated in the Hartmann tube.     

Scaling of dust explosion violence from laboratory scale to full industrial scale – A challenging case history from the past

The standardized K_St parameter still seems to be widely used as a universal criterion for ranking explosion violence to be expected from various dusts in given industrial situations. However, this may not be a generally valid approach. In the case of dust explosion venting, the maximum pressure P_max generated in a given vented industrial enclosure is not only influenced by inherent dust parameters (dust chemistry including moisture, and sizes and shapes of individual dust particles). Process-related parameters (degree of dust dispersion, cloud turbulence, and dust concentration) also play key roles. This view seems to be confirmed by some results from a series of large scale vented dust explosion experiments in a 500 m³ silo conducted in Norway by CMI, (now GexCon AS) during 1980–1982. Therefore, these results have been brought forward again in the present paper. The original purpose of the 500 m³ silo experiments was to obtain correlations between P_max in the vented silo and the vent area in the silo top surface, for two different dusts, viz. a wheat grain dust collected in a Norwegian grain import silo facility, and a soya meal used for production of fish farming food. Both dusts were tested in the standard 20-L-sphere in two independent laboratories, and also in the Hartmann bomb in two independent laboratories. P_max and (dP/dt)_max were significantly lower for the soya meal than for the wheat grain dust in all laboratory tests. Because the available amount of wheat grain dust was much larger than the quite limited amount of available soya meal, a complete series of 16 vented silo experiments was first performed with the wheat grain dust, starting with the largest vent area and ending with the smallest one. Then, to avoid unnecessary laborious changes of vent areas, the first experiment with soya dust was performed with the smallest area. The dust cloud in the silo was produced in exactly the same way as with the wheat grain dust. However, contrary to expectations based on the laboratory-scale tests, the soya meal exploded more violently in the large silo than the wheat grain dust, and the silo was blown apart in the very first experiment with this material. The probable reason is that the two dusts responded differently to the dust cloud formation process in the silo on the one hand and in the laboratory-scale apparatuses on the other. This re-confirms that a differentiated philosophy for design of dust explosion vents is indeed needed. Appropriate attention must be paid to the influence of the actual dust cloud generation process on the required vent area. The location and type of the ignition source also play important roles. It may seem that tailored design has to become the future solution for tackling this complex reality, not least for large storage silos. It is the view of the present author that the ongoing development of CFD-based computer codes offers the most promising line of attack. This also applies to design of systems for dust explosion isolation and suppression.