柴油机微粒中可溶性有机成分的真空干燥条件

柴油机碳烟颗粒(PM)中可溶性有机组分(SOF)含量是其重要的特性参数,而真空干燥法可方便、高效、可靠地分析颗粒SOF含量,对其干燥条件的探索具有重要的研究意义和应用价值。首先采用模拟的柴油机颗粒,分析不同的干燥条件对模拟SOF(柴油、润滑油)挥发率的影响规律,得出模拟的SOF分析的最佳干燥条件;在此基础上,探索了真实柴油机颗粒SOF分析的最佳干燥条件为:干燥温度220℃、干燥时间3 h、真空度98 kPa,得知SOF组分干燥的难易程度介于柴油和润滑油之间;同时,根据此干燥条件,分析了排气管末端采集的真实碳烟颗粒的SOF含量特性。     

朔州市市区环境空气PM10中元素碳、有机碳分布特征

采集朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季季PM10样品,测定其中元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行了研究,结果表明:朔州市市区PM10中OC、EC平均浓度分别为(25.95±9.36)μg/m3和(26.58±10.36)μg/m3,总碳气溶胶(TAC)在PM10中的平均百分含量为30.1%;采暖季OC和EC浓度大于非采暖季,且OC、EC质量浓度大小在5个采样点位均呈现出点位5(工业开发区) > 点位2(居民区) > 点位1(商业、居民混合区) > 点位3(商业、文教混合区) > 点位4(相对清洁区)的变化规律,其中,点位5的OC、EC质量浓度最大,分别为(29.66±8.72)μg/m3和(31.40±10.42)μg/m3;PM10中OC/EC在采暖季和非采暖季比值均低于2,一次污染严重;OC和EC相关性较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.85(采暖季)和0.69(非采暖季),说明PM10中的碳气溶胶主要来源于一次排放源,加强对燃煤烟尘、机动车尾气和生物质的燃烧等空气污染来源的控制对于改善朔州市环境空气质量有重要作用。     

天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机氮、碳的空间分布及其微生物降解特性

通过测坑定位试验,测定了稻田不同深度土壤溶液中溶解性有机氮(DON)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)的含量,并将原位提取的土壤溶液加入到人工土壤中,开展土壤溶液中DON、DOC的微生物降解试验,研究不同施肥处理DON、DOC的含量分布及其微生物降解特性。结果表明:(1)两种施肥处理0~10cm土壤溶液中TN、DON显著低于其他两层土壤;土壤溶液中DON占TN的比例均在62.9%~79.8%,为氮素组成的主要形式。(2)有机无机混合肥处理中DOC占TC的比例随土壤深度加大而逐渐增加,比例为21.1%~25.1%,而无机肥处理中DOC占TC比例则是逐渐下降,比例为18.9%~20.0%。(3)稻田土壤溶液中DON和DOC具有较好的微生物降解特性。降解28d后,DON占初始DON的30.1%~34.9%,而DOC占初始DOC的24.3%~28.2%。     

环杭州湾区域秋冬季PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征及来源

为了探究环杭州湾区域PM2.5碳组分的污染特征及来源,于2019年10月16日至12月27日在杭州、宁波、湖州、嘉兴、绍兴、舟山6个城市同步采集PM2.5样品,测定有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度.结果表明,PM2.5中OC和EC表现为绍兴(11.5、2.3μg/m3)与杭州(10.0、2.4μg/m3)>宁波(8....     

广州典型灰霾期有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

使用小流量Partisol model 2000采样器每2 h采集广州典型灰霾期(2006年1月7～20日)PMlo样品,并用美国Sunset Laboratory Inc.的碳分析仪分析了有机碳和元素碳.结果显示,灰霾期PM10、有机碳和元素碳污染严重,最高浓度日均值(1月13日)分别为最低浓度日均值(1月20日)的10.1、7.6、3.0倍;大气污染存在一个明显的逐日上升和下降过程,上升期间PM10、有机碳和元素碳的日均增长率分别为(127±24)%、(125±16)%和(116±17)%.下降期间日均增长率分别为(-143±25)%、(-135±13)%和(-118±11)%.计算表明,二次有机碳污染严重,并随着灰霾污染的持续,占总有机碳比例增加.气团轨迹分析说明,珠江三角洲其他地区的污染对广州地区灰霾污染过程存在影响.     

上海市郊节假日大气颗粒物中碳和离子的粒径分布

由于人类节日活动,节日大气污染与平时相比有独特性,了解其污染特征对指导人类生活有重要意义。用Staplex公司分粒径的大流量采样器采集上海嘉定区2009—2010年节日(春节、劳动节、中秋节、国庆节)及相应临近非节日(以下简称非节日)的大气颗粒物样品,分析了颗粒物中主要化学组分的节日特征。在所研究的4个节日中,春节由于受到大量烟花爆竹燃放的影响,节日效应最为严重,且其影响主要在细粒径段(3.00μm)。春节细粒径段颗粒物质量浓度、有机碳和元素碳质量浓度分别为99.2、30.2、9.5μg/m3,与非节日的比值分别为1.5、2.6、3.4;而影响最严重的离子是K+和Mg2+,其与非节日的比值分别为29.0和23.7。总体而言,春节颗粒物浓度最高和化学组分污染最严重,其次是劳动节、国庆节、中秋节。     

太阳光对湖泊中有机污染物降解的研究进展

论述了太阳光对湖泊水体中有机污染物降解作用的研究,就其降解机理、动力学特征、作用对象及降解产物等作了逐一介绍.阐明了太阳光对生物降解湖泊水体中有机污染物具有协同作用,也概述了光降解作用受pH、溶解性有机物(DOM)、水深与水体运动、地理、水文、水质与气候等因素的影响.并对实验室模拟条件下的降解与自然条件下的降解进行对比,提出今后该领域的发展前景与研究方向.     

实验室有机废水的铁碳微电解预处理

采用铁碳微电解法对实验室有机废水进行小型处理实验,研究该方法的废水净化特性,并优化进水pH值、水力停留时间(HRT)和曝气量等主要运行工艺参数。通过正交实验得到最佳处理条件pH值为5,水力停留时间为6 h,曝气量为12 L·h-1。以实际最佳条件运行反应器,废水COD去除率可达到85%,废水中芳香族化合物等难降解物质得到降解,BOD5/COD由0.1提高到0.4以上,出水可生化性大幅提高。研究表明,铁碳微电解法适于处理实验室难降解有机废水,估算处理成本约为9.84元·m-3废水。     

太阳光对湖泊中有机污染物降解的研究进展

论述了太阳光对湖泊水体中有机污染物降解作用的研究，就其降解机理、动力学特征、作用对象及降解产物等作了逐一介绍。阐明了太阳光对生物降解湖泊水体中有机污染物具有协同作用，也概述了光降解作用受pH、溶解性有机物(DOM)、水深与水体运动、地理、水文、水质与气候等因素的影响。并对实验室模拟条件下的降解与自然条件下的降解进行对比，提出今后该领域的发展前景与研究方向。     

Increases of dissolved organic carbon in temperate and boreal lakes in Quebec, Canada

Purpose  

Increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations have been reported in surface waters worldwide in the last 10 to 20 years. The causes behind these increases have been attributed to many factors, including climate change and decreasing depositions of atmospheric sulphate ( \textSO₄^{2 -} {\text{SO}}_4^{{{2} - }} ). Trends in DOC concentrations and their potential causal factors were examined in a network of 30 lakes lying in undisturbed temperate and boreal catchments in the province of Quebec, Canada.     

Effect of dissolved organic carbon on the environmental distribution of nonpolar organic compounds

The effect of dissolved organic carbon on the process of pollutant sorption to aquatic sediments was studied using sediments from the Boonton Reservoir/Rockaway River system in northern New Jersey. Addition of DOC to the aqueous phase reduced the sorption of DDT to sediments, but had no effect on the sorption of Lindane. The effect of the DOC is to increase the amount of DDT in the soluble phase and enable transport of the compound throughout an aquatic system. The apparent influence of DOC on the equilibrium distribution of organic compounds is illustrated by modifying an existing environmental model.     

The fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the wastewater treatment process and its importance in the removal of wastewater contaminants

Goal, Scope and Background Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes a parameter of organic pollution for waters and wastewaters, which is not so often studied, and it is not yet regulated by directives. The term ‘DOC’ is used for the fraction of organics that pass through a 0.45 μm pores’ size membrane. The type of wastewater plays an important role in the quality of DOC and it has been shown that DOC may contain aquatic humic substances, hydrophobic bases, hydrophobic neutrals, hydrophilic acids, hydrophilic bases and hydrophilic neutrals. The quality of the DOC is expected to affect its fate in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), since a considerable fraction of DOC is not biodegradable, and it may be released in the aquatic environment together with the treated effluent. In the present study, the occurrence of DOC during the wastewater treatment process is investigated and its removal rates during primary, secondary and overall treatment are being estimated. Furthermore, a correlation is being attempted between DOC and the concentrations of selected Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy Metals (HMs) in the dissolved phase of wastewaters, to examine whether there are common sources for these pollution parameters in WWTPs. Also, DOC is being correlated with the partition coefficients of the above-mentioned pollutants in wastewater, in order to examine the effect of ‘solubility enhancement’ in WWTPs and to evaluate the result of this phenomenon in the efficiency of a WWTP to remove organic pollutants. Methods For the purposes of this study, 24-h composite wastewater samples were collected from the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE) and the effluent of secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE). Samples were analyzed for the presence of 26 POPs (7 PCBs and 19 organochlorine pesticides), 8 HMs and DOC. Results and Discussion Mean concentrations of DOC in RW and PSE were at similar levels (∼ 70 mg l⁻¹), suggesting that primary treatment has a minor effect on the DOC content of wastewater. DOC concentrations in SSE were significantly lower (∼ 19 mg l⁻¹) as a result of the degradation of organic compounds in the biological reactor. Calculated removals of DOC were 0.8% in the primary treatment, 63% in the secondary treatment, and 69% in the overall treatment, exhibiting large differences from other organic pollution parameters, such as BOD and COD. The overall DOC removal was found to be independent from the DOC concentration in raw wastewater. Poor correlation was also observed between the DOC content and the concentrations of wastewater contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals (HMs), probably suggesting that their occurrence in WWTPs is due to different sources. A good negative linear relationship was revealed between DOC concentrations and the logarithms of the distribution coefficients (K _d) of various POPs and HMs between the solid and the liquid phases of wastewater. This relationship suggests that DOC facilitates hydrophobic pollutants to remain in the dissolved phase thus causing lower removal percentages during the treatment process. Conclusion DOC was measured at three stages of a municipal WWTP that receives mainly domestic wastewater and urban runoff. DOC concentrations in untreated and primarily treated wastewater were almost equal, and only after the secondary sedimentation there was a decrease. Concentrations and removal rates of DOC were in the same levels as in other WWTPs that receive municipal wastewater. The origin of DOC was found to be different to the one of POPs and of HMs, as no correlation was observed between the concentrations of DOC and the concentrations of these pollutants. On the contrary, DOC was found to have significant negative correlation with the K _d of all pollutants examined, suggesting that it plays an important role in the partitioning of those pollutants between the dissolved and the sorbed phase of wastewaters. This effect of DOC on partitioning can affect the ability of WWTPs to remove toxic pollutants, and that way it facilitates the discharge of those chemicals in the aquatic ecosystems together with the treated effluent. Recommendation By the results of this work it is shown that the presence of DOC in wastewaters can significantly affect the partition of hazardous pollutants between the dissolved and the sorbed phase. It is therefore of importance that this parameter is controlled more in wastewaters, since it can cause a decrease in the efficiency of WWTPs to remove quantitatively persistent pollutants.     

Estimating and analyzing the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in China

Research on the terrestrial carbon cycle is an important component in the study of global change. Soil organic carbon, as the main part of the terrestrial carbon reservoir, plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. To accurately estimate soil organic carbon storage, its composition and dynamic change must be determined. This presents a challenge to research on the soil carbon cycle, especially in China where the nationwide soil organic carbon reservoir largely remains unknown. This paper reports a research project that attempts to estimate the nationwide soil organic carbon reservoir. Data from 2473 soil profiles from the second national soil survey were collected and GIS technology was employed to quantify the national soil carbon reservoir. The analytical results show that the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 92.4 Pg (Pg = 10(15) g) and that the average carbon density is about 10.53 kg C m(-2). The spatial distribution of soil organic carbon was also analyzed and mapped. This study presents basic data and an analysis method for carbon-cycle studies and also provides scientific support for policy-making efforts to control CO2 emissions in China.     

Structural and optical characterization of dissolved organic matter from the lower Athabasca River, Canada

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous constituent of natural waters and is comprised of a variety of chemically heterogeneous molecular structures and functional groups. DOM is often considered to be a major ligand for metals in most natural waters and its reactivity is thought to be strongly dependent on its chemical composition and structure. In this study, a combination of UV/visible, emission excitation matrix fluorescence (EEM) and ¹H NMR spectroscopies were used to characterize DOM from the Athabasca River (Alberta, Canada). The chemical characterization of river DOM showed that the most upstream samples located in agricultural areas were blue-shifted and less aromatic and contained more hydrogens connected with oxygen functional groups than those in the wetland dominated area in the Athabasca oil sand deposit region. The presence of paramagnetic ions (Fe and Al) was not found to significantly affect the structural composition of DOM as revealed by ¹H NMR. Such change in the quality of DOM may have a profound impact on metal binding in the Athabasca River watershed.     

Role of dissolved organic carbon in the cosorption of copper and phthalate esters onto Yellow River sediments

Although the sorption mechanism of hydrophobic organic pollutants on soils or sediments has been widely studied, the effects of coexisting heavy metals are seldom reported, especially the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sorption interactions involving heavy metals. This paper investigates the sorption interactions of phthalate esters (diethyl phthalate, DEP, and di-n-butyl phthalate, DnBP) and copper on Yellow River sediment in the presence of DOC. The results indicate that the sorption hardly varies for DEP but increases up to 20% for DnBP as the copper concentration increases in a water-sediment system with extremely low concentration of DOC. The copper-induced sorption of DnBP could be due to its complexation with copper, as well as its hydrophobicity. In a water-sediment system with the addition of 6.34 mg l(-1) of commercial humic acid (HA), the sorption of DEP is decreased by up to 37%, and that of DnBP is enhanced by up to 41%, as copper is gradually added. This finding is also consistent with the results for a river water-sediment system containing 8.1 mg l(-1) natural DOC. The copper-influenced sorption of DEP and DnBP are found to be due to the binding of copper to DOC that leads to the configuration change of DOC and thus to its enhanced sorption to sediment. By using polarograph and fluorescence spectrograph techniques, the complexation competition among coexisting phthalates, copper and DOC is examined. The resulting data confirm the significant role of DOC in sorption interactions.     

巢湖水质时空分布模式研究

依据2004~2006年12个采样点11个水质指标数据,应用主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)、判别分析(DA)和基于G IS平台的克里格插值法,对巢湖水质时空分布模式进行研究。通过统计分析将巢湖11个水质指标概括为4个主成分:第一主成分COD、BOD5和Chl-a;第二主成分电导率、NH4+-N、TN和TP;第三主成分温度和DO;第四主成分pH和SD。在空间尺度上分为2组,分别对应于东西半湖。除了DO指标,空间上西半湖周边区域的水质指标浓度显著高于东半湖;东西半湖TP和COD空间分布相似;在时间尺度上,可分为1月~3月份、12月份一组和4月~11月份一组;TP、COD、DO和SD指标第一时期浓度高于第二时期,温度、电导率和Chl-a指标则相反;溶解氧和温度两者的时间差异性呈现明显的负相关。并对采样点和采样频次进行了适当优化。     

Relationships between colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in different coastal gradients of the Baltic Sea

Due to high terrestrial runoff, the Baltic Sea is rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the light-absorbing fraction of which is referred to as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Inputs of DOC and CDOM are predicted to increase with climate change, affecting coastal ecosystems. We found that the relationships between DOC, CDOM, salinity, and Secchi depth all differed between the two coastal areas studied; the W Gulf of Bothnia with high terrestrial input and the NW Baltic Proper with relatively little terrestrial input. The CDOM:DOC ratio was higher in the Gulf of Bothnia, where CDOM had a greater influence on the Secchi depth, which is used as an indicator of eutrophication and hence important for Baltic Sea management. Based on the results of this study, we recommend regular CDOM measurements in monitoring programmes, to increase the value of concurrent Secchi depth measurements.