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1.
Summary A number of aposematic butterfly and moth species sequester toxic substances from their host plants. Some of these insects can detect the toxic compounds during food assessment. Some pipevine swallowtails use aristolochic acids among the host finding cues during oviposition and larval feeding and accumulate the toxins in the body tissues throughout all life stages. Likewise, a danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, which sequesters high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the body, lays eggs in response to the specific alkaloid components contained in the apocynad host. Insect species sharing the same poisonous host plants may differ in the degree of sequestration of toxins. Two closely ralated aposematic geometrid moth species,Arichanna gaschkevitchii andA. melanaria, sequester a series of highly toxic diterpenoids (grayanotoxins) in different degrees, while a cryptic geometrid species,Biston robstus, does not sequester the toxins, illustrating the diversity in adaptation mechanisms even within the same subfamily. By contrast, a number of lepidopteran species store the same compounds though feeding upon taxonomically diverse plant species. A bitter cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, was characterised from several moth species in the Geometridae, Zygaenidae and Yponomeutidae, and from the apollo butterflies,Parnassius spp. (Papilionidae), although each species feeds on different groups of plants.Interspecific similarities and differences in life history and ecology are discussed in relation to variable characteristics of sequestration of plant compounds among these lepidopteran insects. 相似文献
2.
Eisner T Schroeder FC Snyder N Grant JB Aneshansley DJ Utterback D Meinwald J Eisner M 《Chemoecology》2008,18(2):109-119
Summary. Beetles of the family Lycidae have long been known to be chemically protected. We present evidence that North American species
of the lycid genera Calopteron and Lycus are rejected by thrushes, wolf spiders, and orb-weaving spiders, and that they contain a systemic compound that could account,
at least in part, for this unacceptability. This compound, a novel acetylenic acid that we named lycidic acid, proved actively
deterrent in feeding tests with wolf spiders and coccinellid beetles. Species of Lycuscommonly figure as models of mimetic associations. Among their mimics are species of the cerambycid beetle genus Elytroleptus, remarkable because they prey upon the model lycids. We postulated that by doing so Elytroleptus might incorporate the lycidic acid from their prey for their own defense. However, judging from analytical data, the beetles
practice no such sequestration, explaining why they remain relatively palatable (in tests with wolf spiders) even after having
fed on lycids. Chemical analyses also showed the lycids to contain pyrazines, such as were already known from other Lycidae,
potent odorants that could serve in an aposematic capacity to forestall predatory attacks.
David Utterback: Deceased 相似文献
3.
Summary American Acraeinae butterflies often ingest large amounts of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their Asteraceae hostplants in both larval and adult stages, but do not normally store these compounds for defence, instead biosynthesizing large amounts of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin in all stages. This defence syndrome (rejection of plant toxins andde novo synthesis of protective chemicals) is considered to be the most evolved among aposematic (unpalatable mimicry-model) butterflies, as are the Acraeinae and Heliconiini which also synthesize cyanogens. Storage or minimal processing of larval hostplant-derived defensive chemicals is widespread and characterizes the most primitive model groups; an intermediate series (Danainae/Ithomiinae) also obtains the principal defensive chemicals (PAs) from plants, but mostly in the adult stage. These syndromes are discussed and contrasted with the pattern seen in Chrysomelidae beetles, wherede novo synthesis is widespread and considered primitive.Originally presented at the 9th Meeting on Micromolecular Evolution, Systematics and Ecology (Ribeirão Preto, SP, April 1987); see also Brownet al. (1990) 相似文献
4.
Jana Tremlová Vladan Golka Radka Babková Jana Najmanová Pavel Tlustoš 《Chemistry and Ecology》2016,32(10):919-936
The ability of plant species to accumulate arsenic (As) species in the biomass from As-contaminated soils is variable. Among the plants widely grown at the As-contaminated locations, Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae families belong to the frequent ones. In this study, the ability of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and three wetland plant species representing the family Cyperaceae (Carex praecox, Carex vesicaria, and Scirpus sylvaticus) naturally occurring in the soils with an elevated As in the Czech Republic were investigated. The plants were cultivated under controlled conditions in an As-contaminated soil reaching 735?mg?kg?1 of the total As. The total As in plants reached up to 8.3?mg?kg?1 in leaves, and up to 155?mg?kg?1 in roots of C. praecox. Dominant As compounds were arsenite and arsenate with a small abundance of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in all the plant species. In Cyperaceae, small percentages of arsenobetaine (AB) and arsenocholine (AC) were detected, suggesting the ability of these plants to transform As into less toxic compounds. Moreover, the important role of As(V) sequestration on iron plaque on the root surface of Cyperaceae was confirmed. In this context, root washing with oxalic acid partially disrupted the iron plaque for the better release of arsenate. 相似文献
5.
Simcha Lev-Yadun 《Chemoecology》2014,24(5):215-218
Latex is a toxic and sticky defense substance produced by about 20,000 plant species and secreted following wounding. It defends the wounded plants by both chemical and physical components. A striking fact about latex is that the majority of plants produce it white, although yellow, orange, and red latex can sometimes be found. Theoretically, it is possible that there is no function or importance to latex’s color, but it seems unlikely. It is also possible that there are chemical constraints that dictate the production of white latex, but the various colors indicate that this is not a valid explanation. However, since white latex evolved independently many times in various plant taxa, there should have been a strong selection for latex being white, a possibility that has never been addressed, to my knowledge. I propose that latex is generally white because white is the best solution for visual aposematism under the lighted conditions within and under plant canopies, on the background of typical leaf and bark color, even towards color-blind animals. Yellow, orange, and red latex types should naturally also be considered as aposematic because these are typical colors of toxic and aposematic organisms. In addition, latex-exuding plants simultaneously use a chemically based, non-visual olfactory aposematism because wounding perse also causes the emission of non-latex defensive volatiles and because latex contains various but little-studied defensive volatiles. The volatile defensive aspect of latex exudation may also operate against nocturnal or blind herbivores. 相似文献
6.
Summary Glycosidase inhibitors are widespread in plants and can be sequestered by Lepidoptera, for which they can presumably serve as defences by making the insects indigestible to a range of potential predators. As a result of this study of eight British species of moth and butterfly it was found that glycosidase inhibitors in the insects could then be detected in the larval food plants which were not previously known to contain them; however, some were only detectable in the plants after concentration. In some cases the inhibition of specific glycosidases by Lepidoptera was detected even though the insects had not apparently acquired them from their food plants. Inhibition of-N-acetylglucosaminidase was observed in most of the adult Lepidoptera analysed but further work is required to identify the inhibitors, though they are likely to be nitrogen-containing compounds. Weak anti-HIV activity was also observed in the glycosidase-inhibiting fractions ofAcherontia atropos and the plantUrtica dioica. 相似文献
7.
Anna K. Hundsdoerfer Jeannette Ndaya Tshibangu Bernhard Wetterauer Michael Wink 《Chemoecology》2005,15(4):261-267
Summary. The larvae of the hawkmoth species Hyles euphorbiae have a conspicuous aposematic colouration and show gregarious behaviour. It has thus been suggested that they sequester phorbol
esters from their food plants which include different species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) for chemical protection against predators. To test this hypothesis in more detail, we fed larvae an artificial
diet with three doses of 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), then examined the faeces and the larval tissues, such
as integument, haemolymph and gut of the caterpillars for the presence of TPA. In order to determine the ability of the larvae
to detoxify phorbol esters, other larvae were directly injected with a TPA solution and analysed in the same manner. Our study
indicates that the larvae of Hyles euphorbiae do not sequester phorbol esters. Upon oral application TPA was not found in the larval integument or the haemolymph. Instead,
it was mostly metabolised (about 70–90%). Nevertheless, about 10-30% were retained and recovered in the faeces. The larvae
were also able to metabolise and thus detoxify the phorbol ester when TPA was injected directly into the body. These hawkmoth
caterpillars are relatively large and have a gut full of plant material, which they regurgitate into the direction of the
predator when attacked in nature. Since phorbol esters are very potent toxins and irritants, we postulate that the gut content
(and especially the plant slurry disgorged as regurgitant from the anterior gut) alone could be aversive for a potential predator,
even if some metabolism has taken place. Thus, although H. euphorbiae caterpillars do not actively sequester phorbol esters, their aposematic colouration appears to be based on chemical defence
through phorbol esters retained in the gut. 相似文献
8.
A field study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated site in Kermanshah refinery (Iran) to find the petroleum-resistant plant species and the rhizospheral fungi for being used in bioremediation. Results showed that the amounts of petroleum pollution in non-vegetated areas is 6.8% and in vegetated areas is 2.2%. Plant samples were collected from petroleum-polluted areas and determined using morphological characters. It was found that eight plant species were growing on the contaminated sites: Polygonum aviculare, Amaranthus retroflexus, Noea mucronata, Alhaji cameleron, Crozophora heirosolymitrana, Poa sp., Convolvulus arvensis and Trifolium repense. The rhizospheral fungi of the plants were collected and determined using microscopic studies and taxonomical keys. The results determined the presence of 21 species in the rhizosphere of the plants growing in the polluted areas; three of these species were common in all of the plants and the others have species-specific distribution within the plants. The highest number of rhizospheral fungi (11 species) were determined for P. aviculare in non-polluted areas and nine species in polluted areas. It seems that the plant is the best candidate for using phytoremediation. However, the variation of fungi in petroleum-polluted areas was more than non-polluted zones. The culture of fungi in oil-contaminated media showed that, although all the studied fungi were resistant to low petroleum pollution (1% v/v), a few species, especially Fusarium species, showed higher resistance to petroleum pollution (10% v/v) and hence they may be suitable for mycoremediation in highly polluted areas. 相似文献
9.
Alkawri AA Ramaiah N 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(1):65-70
As a part of an annual analysis on the phytoplankton distribution and composition, regular monthly sampling carried out during October 2007- September 2008 from salinity gradient zones in the intertidal waters along the coast of Goa. Among the 179 species of phytoplankton observed during this study, as many as 11 of them are recognized, potentially toxic ones. The toxic diatom species, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens was quite preponderant, in particular during the pre-monsoon month of May 2008 off Chapora, a perennially low salinity location. Among the 10 toxic dinoflagellate species detected, the known toxic species, Alexandrium minutum followed by Dinophysis acuminata were found to attain maximum cell numbers in the study area. It is apparent from our results that the toxic species do occur in all salinity zones sampled and during many months of the year in coastal waters off Goa. Though directly governed by the variations in nutrient concentrations, some of these toxic phytoplankton species attain high cell numbers. It is reasonable for us to therefore caution that the toxic species do prevail in these waters. 相似文献
10.
The parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, specializes on wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, and several species of Heracleum, hostplants rich in toxic furanocoumarins. Rates of furanocoumarin metabolism in this species are among the highest known
for any insect. Within its native range in Europe, webworms are heavily parasitized by the polyembryonic parasitoid wasp Copidosoma sosares. In this study, we determined whether these parasitoids are exposed to furanocoumarins in host hemolymph, whether they can
metabolize furanocoumarins, and whether parasitism influences the ability of webworms to detoxify furanocoumarins. Hemolymph
of webworms fed artificial diet containing 0.3 % fresh weight xanthotoxin, a furanocoumarin prevalent in wild parsnip hosts,
contained trace amounts of this toxin; as well, hemolymph of webworms consuming P. sativa flowers and fruits contained trace amounts of six of seven furanocoumarins present in the hostplant. Thus, parasitoids likely
encounter furanocoumarins in host hemolymph. Assays of xanthotoxin metabolism in C. sosares failed to show any ability to metabolize this compound. Parasitized webworms, collected from populations of Heracleum sphondylium in the Netherlands in 2004, were on average 55 % larger by weight than unparasitized individuals. This weight is inclusive
of host and parasitoid masses. Absolute rates of detoxification (nmoles min−1) of five different furanocoumarins were indistinguishable between parasitized and unparasitized ultimate instars, suggesting
that the intrinsic rates of metabolism are fixed. Thus, although parasitized larvae are larger, detoxification rates are not
commensurate with size; rates in parasitized larvae expressed per gram of larval mass were 25 % lower than in unparasitized
larvae. 相似文献
11.
Summary. Sequestration of plant toxins in herbivores is often
correlated with aposematic coloration and gregarious behaviour. Larvae
of Pieris brassicae show these conspicuous morphological and behavioural
characteristics and were thus suggested to sequester glucosinolates that
are characteristic secondary metabolites of their host plants. P. rapaeare camouflaged and solitary, and are thus not expected to sequester. To
test this hypothesis and to check the repeatabi-lity of a study that did
report the presence of the glucosinolate sinigrin in P. brassicae,
larvae were reared on three species of Brassicaceae (Sinapis alba,
Brassica nigra and Barbarea stricta), and different leaf and insect
samples were taken for glucosinolate analysis. The major host plant
glucosinolates could only be found in traces or not at all in larval
haemolymph, bled or starved larvae, faeces or pupae of both species or
P. brassicae regurgitant. Haemolymph of both Pieris spp. was not
rejected by the ant Myrmica rubra in dual-choice assays; the regurgitant
of P. brassicae was rejected. This suggests the presence of compounds
other than glucosinolates that might be sequestered in or produced by P.
brassicae only. In faeces of both Pieris spp. a compound which yielded
4-hydroxybenzylcyanide (HBC) upon incubation with sulfatase was detected
in high concentrations when larvae had been reared on S. alba. This
compound may be derived from hydrolysis of sinalbin, the main
glucosinolate of that plant. The unidentified HBC progenitor was
apparently not sequestered in the two Pieris spp., and was not detected
in faeces of larvae reared on B. nigra or B. stricta.
Received 18 July 2002; accepted 11 September 2002. 相似文献
12.
Autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary. Many plant species contain essential oils with allelochemical properties, yet the extent to which these same chemicals can be autotoxic is unclear. In this study, we tested the toxicity of several essential oil components to three species that produce them—Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), and Citrus jambhiri (Rutaceae). The effects of exogenous application of small amounts of essential oil components to the surface of foliage, followed by a pinprick to allow entry into the leaf, were monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Rapid and spatially extensive declines in photosynthetic capacity were detected within 200 s. The most toxic constituents were monoterpenes. Two sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene and farnesene, and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, by comparison, were not toxic. Autotoxicity of endogenous essential oil was investigated by slicing through containment structures (glands or tubes); significant toxicity, manifested by reduced photosynthetic activity, was observed in all three species but was most pronounced in P. sativa and P. crispum, both of which possess oil tubes. 相似文献
13.
Eira Ihalainen Leena Lindström Johanna Mappes Sari Puolakkainen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1267-1276
Müllerian co-mimics are aposematic species that resemble each other; sharing a warning signal is thought to be mutually beneficial
for the co-mimics by reducing per capita predation risk. In Batesian mimicry, edible mimics avoid predation by resembling
an aposematic model species. The protection of both the model and the mimic is weakened when the mimics are abundant compared
to the models. The quasi-Batesian view suggests that defended (Müllerian) co-mimics, when unequal in their defences, could
also show a Batesian-like trend of increasing mortality with increasing abundance of a less defended “mimic”. We manipulated
frequencies of unequally distasteful artificial co-mimics that were prey for great tits. The co-mimics had different signals
(imperfect mimicry) but were equally preferred by the birds when palatable. Unexpectedly, when unpalatable, one of the signals
was easier for the birds to learn to avoid. Consequently, during predator learning, the signal design of the prey strongly
affected mortality of the co-mimics; there was an interaction between the signal and frequency treatments, but increasing
the frequency of a less defended “mimic” did not increase co-mimic mortalities as predicted. In contrast, in a memory test
that followed, the effect of signal design disappeared; if the birds had experienced high frequency of “mimics” during learning,
co-mimic mortalities did subsequently increase. Since the effect of co-mimic frequencies on mortalities changed depending
on the signal design of the prey and predator experience, the results suggest that mimetic relationship may be an unpredictable
interplay of several factors in addition to taste and abundance. 相似文献
14.
Summary. The phorbol ester DHPB has been detected in 5th instars and adults of Pachycoris klugii which feed on Jatropha curcas, a producer of phorbol esters with mollusc-, insect-, and vertebrate toxicity. DHPB from Pachycoris activates protein kinase C (PKC) which appears to be the main molecular target for phorbol esters. Phorbol esters of J. curcas exhibit a wide range of acute toxic effects in vertebrates and insects. It is therefore likely that the sequestration of
DHPB, which would explain the aposematic colouration of the bugs, confers chemical protection to P. klugii against vertebrate predators.
Received 26 April 2000; accepted 31 May 2000 相似文献
15.
Summary The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds exclusively on apiaceous hostplants containing furanocoumarins, compounds capable of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independend photosensitization. Despite high titers of antioxidant enzymes relative to other herbivorous insects, webworms cannot tolerate nonhost photosensitizers such as alpha-terthienyl or beta-carboline alkaloids at dietary concentrations of 0.01% or less. Tolerance of skimmianine, a furano-quinoline alkaloid, may be due to its structural resemblance to furanocoumarins, which are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in this species. 相似文献
16.
Shinsuke Tanabe Narayanan Kannan Tadaaki Wakimoto Ryo Tatsukawa Taku Okamoto Yoshito Masuda 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):215-231
In the light of new discoveries on the extremely toxic non‐ortho coplanar 3,3’,4,4'‐tetra‐ (T4CB), 3,3’,4,4’,5‐penta‐(P5CB) and 3,3'4,4’,5,5'‐hexachlorobiphenyl (H6CB) and their mono‐ and di‐ortho analogs, tissue samples of a Yusho poisoning victim and Yusho causal oils were subjected to a thorough congener/isomer‐specific investigation for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs). Among the many PCB congeners detected in Yusho oil, non‐ortho coplanar T4CB constituted 3.1%, P5CB‐0.17% and H6CB‐0.0072% in total PCBs. Their concentrations in liver and adipose tissue were 130–700 (T4CB), 54–720 (P5CB) and 50–380 (H6CB) pg/g on wet weight basis. The observed concentrations in adipose tissue were two to four fold higher than that detected in unexposed individuals. Among the PCDFs identified, toxic 2,3,7,8‐substituted isomers including 2,3,4,7,8‐P5CDF were the dominant ones. Tetra‐ through hepta‐CDDs were detected in the oil, whereas octa‐CDD was the dominant isomer in the patient. A comparison with KC‐400 revealed enrichment of coplanar PCBs in Yusho oil along with toxic PCDFs. Enrichment was highest for 3,3'4,4'5,5'‐H6CB followed by 3,3’,4,4'5‐P5CB. A comparative toxic evaluation of these chemical groups in Yusho patient's adipose tissue based on “2,3,7,8‐T4CDD Toxic Equivalent Analysis” revealed accountable toxic contribution from coplanar PCBs. This analysis also confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8‐P5CDF was the principal causative agent in Yusho poisoning. 相似文献
17.
轮虫、水螅、涡虫是水生生态系统的重要生物类群。因其对水体污染较敏感,所以对水生生物基准研究有重要意义。依据我国生物区系资料及毒性数据丰度,筛选出8种代表性本土轮虫、水螅、涡虫类生物。参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,搜集、筛选了这8种代表性生物的急性毒性数据,通过数据分析,筛选出对各物种毒性最大的污染物,主要包括重金属、农药、有机锡化物、表面活性剂、吡啶胺类杀菌剂。分析污染物的物种敏感度分布,依据累积概率对代表性生物的物种敏感性进行分类,结果为:萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、绿水螅(Hydra viridissima)、普通水螅(Hydra vulgaris)对重金属铜的累积概率为6.5%、8.5%和10.4%,普通水螅(Hydra vulgaris)对重金属汞的累积概率为6.3%;龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和四齿腔轮虫(Lecane quadridentata)对五氯酚钠的累积概率为5.1%和7.6%;褐水螅(Hydra oligactis)和绿水螅(Hydra viridissima)对三丁基氧化锡的累积概率为6.9%和13.8%,萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)对氟啶胺的累积概率为6.7%,日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)对四氯化碳、十二烷基苯磺酸钠的累积概率分别为6.7%和7.1%。上述结果表明:萼花臂尾轮虫、绿水螅对重金属铜敏感;普通水螅对重金属铜和汞敏感;龟甲轮虫和四齿腔轮虫对农药敏感;褐水螅和绿水螅对有机锡化物敏感;萼花臂尾轮虫对吡啶胺类杀菌剂敏感;日本三角涡虫对四氯化碳、表面活性剂敏感。这7种代表性生物可作为相关污染物的水生生物基准受试物种。 相似文献
18.
The herbicide propanil, a synthetic anilide, was discovered in 1957 to control grasses and broad-leaf weeds in rice fields. It has been found to disrupt the electron transport chain by inhibiting the photosystem II, thus impacting plant growth. In the environment, photolysis represents a major degradation pathway, whereas volatilization is not a major route of dissipation from either water or moist soils. Propanil is rapidly degraded by microbes into the major degradation product 3,4-dichloroaniline. This degradation product has been highly detected in both groundwater and surface waters throughout the world. Propanil has been found to adversely impact many non-target organisms. It is toxic to some early life-stage aquatic organisms, in addition to being moderately toxic to the water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and rainbow trout. In addition, it has been reported to pose a high acute and long-term risk to birds. In plants, growth rates are highly impacted; however, some plant species are becoming resistant to propanil. 相似文献
19.
We analyzed several species of the weevil family Mecininae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) that all feed on iridoid glycoside
(IG) containing plants of the Plantaginaceae to investigate whether the beetles sequester these deterrent substances from
their host plants. Within the Mecininae two genera of the tribe Cionini were found to sequester aucubin and catalpol: Cionus Clairville
and Schellenberg and Cleopus Dejean. Both analyzed genera of the Mecinini, Mecinus Germar and Rhinusa Stephens, do not sequester IGs although the compounds are present in their food plants. They thus represent the first case of specialists
on IG plants that have not evolved adaptations to use the compounds. However, in contrast to the Cionini these genera have
a hidden lifestyle, so that their need for defence might be lower. Both Cionus and Cleopus, sequester catalpol with a higher efficiency than aucubin. However, in contrast to Cionus species, Cleopus species only sequester catalpol. In species feeding on Scrophularia, the aucubin concentration is higher while in beetles on Verbascum catalpol is usually dominating. This pattern can also be detected in the only species living on both plants, Cionus hortulanus. The ability to sequester IGs must have a single origin at the base of the sister genera Cionus and Cleopus. 相似文献
20.
D.B. Lee K.B. Lee C.H. Kim J.G. Kim S.Y. Na 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2004,26(2):135-145
This study was carried out to evaluate water quality, sediment and plant vegetation in eight tributaries of the Mankyeong River for enhancement of natural purification. Among the tributaries, the Iksancheon water had the highest concentration of BOD, T–N and NH4–N due to inflow of swine wastes from the livestock district. The Yucheon water had the highest level of electrical conductivity and SO
4
2–
due to inflow of mis-treated wastewater from industrial districts. The Tabcheon had generally similar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphate to that of the upstream of the Mankyeong River: agricultural activity along the Tabcheon appeared to have little negative influence to the water quality. Among various sediments, concentration of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate were high in the Iksancheon and the Yucheon due to the livestock wastes and industrial wastes. There were 282 species of plants during summer with 43 aquatic plants, 57 hydrophytes, 178 waterside plants and 4 terrestrial plants. Some plant resources were recommended due to much absorption of nitrogen and phosphate for enhancement of natural purification. C. demersum and H. verticillata were recommended in the submerged aquatic plants, H. dubia, N. indica and N. subinteperrimum in the floating leaf aquatic plants, P. communis, Z. latifolia and T. orientalis in the emerged aquatic plants, C. scutata and P. distichum in the waterside plants. 相似文献