北方干旱化和土地利用变化对泾河流域径流的影响

论文以在黄土高原上发育,流经中国北方干旱、半干旱地区的黄河二级支流--泾河为研究对象,基于20世纪八九十年代的土地利用影像资料,以及泾河流域1970~2002年的气候、水文资料,采用美国农业部开发的分布式流域水文模型SWAT,分析了20世纪80~90年代泾河流域的降雨量和径流量的变化。从80到90年代,流域年降雨量呈逐年递减趋势,80年代多年平均月降雨量明显大于90年代多年平均月降雨量,尤其在7~9月,平均降雨量明显减少。受气候干旱化和土地利用/覆被变化的共同作用,80~90年代,流域多年平均年径流减少了8.92m³s^-1。为了区分气候变化和土地利用变化对流域径流的影响,采取分别固定气候因子与土地利用/覆被变化因子的方法,将模拟情景输入模型,定量区分气候和土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流的影响方式和程度。结果表明,气候干旱化趋势使流域多年平均年径流减少28.08m³s^-1,为气候、土地利用/覆被变化共同影响径流变化量的314.80%;土地利用/覆被变化使流域多年平均年径流增加26.57m³s^-1,为气候、土地利用/覆被变化共同影响径流变化量的297.87%。     

气候变化及人类活动影响下的潮白河月水量平衡模拟

尽管分布式水文模型已有30多年的发展历史,但是迄今的应用还只是其潜力的很少一部分。Freeze-Harlan蓝图中由于理论上的深化带来了应用上的困难,同时也指出模型并不是越复杂越好。按照科学的建模原则,建立了一个简单的分布式月水量平衡模型(DTVGM);其中通过引入土壤湿度因子,改进后的Bagrov模型同时考虑了前期土壤湿度与降水对蒸散(发)的贡献;通过设置人类活动影响背景参数集,表述人类活动对水文过程的影响。将DTVGM月模型应用于华北地区密云水库以上潮白河流域,识别出白河流域气候变化对径流减少的贡献为44%,人类活动导致下垫面变化对径流减少的影响达54%;潮河流域气候变化的贡献率为24%,而人类活动的贡献率高达74%,是导致径流减少的主要原因。     

Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies

As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one of the key human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production in the coming decades may keep pace with the food requirements of a growing world population, climate change might worsen existing regional disparities because it will reduce crop yields mostly in lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies to enhance local adaptation capacity are therefore needed to minimize climatic impacts and to maintain regional stability of food production. At the same time, agriculture as a sector offers several opportunities to mitigate the portion of global greenhouse gas emissions that are directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, and land-management techniques. This paper reviews issues of agriculture and climate change, with special attention to adaptation and mitigation. Specifically, as adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture are implemented to alleviate the potential negative effects of climate change, key synergies need to be identified, as mitigation practices may compete with modifications to local agricultural practices aimed at maintaining production and income. Under future climate and socio-economic pressures, land managers and farmers will be faced with challenges in regard to selecting those mitigation and adaptation strategies that together meet food, fiber and climate policy requirements.     

基于下垫面遥感资料的海河流域水文类型分区划分

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956—2005年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料、DEM、土地利用、土壤和植被覆盖遥感图,提取了反映下垫面条件和气候特征的物理因子,并以此作为分区指标,以子流域为划分单元,依据下垫面条件和气候因子的相似性和差异性,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,将海河流域内1 399个子流域划分7类水文类型分区(HTR),并分析了各水文类型分区的空间分布特征及产汇流机制。其中HTR1、HTR2和HTR4位于平原地区,土地利用类型以耕地为主,其他水文类型分区位于山区和丘陵区。HTR1耕地面积比例最大;HTR2土壤透水性最差,易产生超渗地表径流;HTR3土壤透水性最好,易产生地下径流和壤中流;HTR4年蒸发量较大,年降雨量较小,气候最干旱;HTR5和HTR6土地利用类型分别以草地和林地为主;HTR7年降雨量较大,年蒸发量较小,气候最湿润。分区成果明确地反映了流域的下垫面情况及气候条件,分区结果与流域的地形地貌非常吻合,也反映了流域水文特征的分布规律。通过分析水文类型分区内典型流域的下垫面和气候情况以及水文特征,阐述了分区结果的准确性及合理性,为海河流域水文特征的研究及水资源评价提供了依据。     

Assessing high impacts of climate change: spatial characteristics and relationships of hydrological ecosystem services in northern Japan (Teshio River watershed)

Ecosystem services (ESs) provide information on the tendency of ecosystems to reach and form a state of equilibrium. The process of ES changes is important in order to identify the climate change-related causes that occur regionally to globally. ES-based management plays an important role in mitigation strategies for the negative impact of global climate change on ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate spatial characteristics and relationships among these multiple services from different spatial scales which could aid in multiple ES sustainable development from local to global scales. In this study, we developed a framework for analyzing the spatial characteristics and interactive relationships of multiple ESs. We analyzed the spatial distributions of six hydrological ESs that are important in the northernmost part of Japan (Teshio River watershed) by using hydrology and nutrient model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) under baseline climate conditions and climate change derived from the global circulation model (GCM). We then explored the spatial characteristic scales of ESs by multiscale analysis (lacunarity estimation) to reveal provision flow and spatial distribution characteristics for hydrological ESs. We observed a strong relationship between the spatial characteristics of land uses and ES provision. The spatial characteristics of individual hydrological ESs were totally different and had different spatial homogeneity and cluster (indicated by initial lacunarity index and lacunarity dimension). The results also showed trade-offs between inorganic nutrient retention (provision ESs) and organic nutrient and sediment retentions (regulating ESs), and synergies between organic nutrient retention and sediment retention under all climate change scenarios. The different stakeholders will take different mitigation programs (e.g., establishing riparian vegetation, planning nutrient management practices, and integrating climate change model into systematic conservation planning of ESs) to avoid negative impacts of climate change on ESs. Application of this proposed framework to study the spatial characteristics and relationships of hydrological ESs under climate change could provide understanding on the impact of climate change on ES changes and solutions to mitigate strategies to cope with those changes in the future.     

西苕溪流域径流对土地利用变化的空间响应分析

针对流域土地利用变化所引起的径流空间变异问题,论文以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例,基于SWAT模型（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）模拟的不同土地利用情景下月尺度径流过程,通过GWR模型（Geographically weighted regression）在空间上定量评估了土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流过程的影响。结果表明：径流变化在流域空间分布上存在一定非平稳性,其与子流域内面积变化较大的土地利用类型相关性显著,其中城镇用地影响最大,林草地和耕地影响次之。径流变化对城镇用地的空间响应关系表现为由上游到下游逐渐增强,而对林草地和耕地的响应关系表现为从流域上游到下游逐渐减弱。对比发现,多因子GWR模型相对于单因子GWR模型更适合综合分析径流对土地利用/覆被变化的空间响应关系。     

气候变化对澜沧江-湄公河上中游径流的影响研究

将区域气候模式RegCM3与水循环模拟模型WACM进行单向耦合,对澜沧江-湄公河流域未来气候变化和流域上中游主要控制水文站径流响应进行了模拟和分析。区域气候预估表明,相对于现状(1980—2009年),A1B情景下未来(2010—2039年)流域年平均温度和降水均有增加趋势,分别增加了0.65 ℃和1.87%,但降水增加不明显;流域北部温度增幅比南部明显,而降水区域差异较大,变化较为复杂。径流模拟结果表明,未来气候变化情景下,清盛和琅勃拉邦站多年平均径流量与天然情景相比均有减少趋势,分别减少了1.23%和3.69%,但变化不明显;未来径流年际变化呈不显著的减少趋势,而温度变化对径流影响作用要强于降水;未来春季和夏季(3—6月)径流增减相对明显,局部区域有洪涝和水文干旱的风险,而其它月份径流变化不显著。     

气候波动和人类活动对滦河流域径流变化的定量影响分析

气候波动和人类活动对流域水文循环过程产生了重大的影响,定量评估它们的影响是水科学研究中的热点问题.论文以滦河流域为研究对象,利用基于SWAT水文模型的径流变化定量分离方法评估了气候波动、人类活动和土地利用变化三者分别对滦河流域径流变化的影响.结果表明:在1960—2010 年期间,滦河流域的径流深呈现显著的下降趋势.在变异Ⅰ期(1980—1994 年)和Ⅱ期(1995—2010 年)内,气候波动和人类活动对径流减少的影响量都在增加,且人类活动一直是径流减少的主要影响因素.土地利用对径流变化的影响,在变异Ⅰ期为负的影响,在变异Ⅱ期为正的影响.     

Modeling of the Mendoza river watershed as a tool to study climate change impacts on water availability

Unmitigated anthropogenic climate change is set to exacerbate current stresses on water resources management and creates the need to develop strategies to face climate change impacts on water resources, especially in the long term. Insufficient information on possible impacts on water availability limits the organization and promotion of efforts to adapt and improve the resilience and efficiency of water systems. To document the potential impacts of climate change in the region of Mendoza, Argentina, we perform a hydrological modeling of the Mendoza River watershed using a SWAT model and project climate change scenarios to observe hydrological changes. The results show the impact of higher temperature on glaciers as river flow increases due to glacier melting; at the same time, runoff decreases as precipitation is reduced. Furthermore, the runoff timing is shifted and an earlier melting becomes more important in more pronounced climate change scenarios. Scenarios show a reduction in water availability that ranges between 1 and 10%. An additional scenario under stronger climate change conditions without glaciers data shows a reduction of the river flow by up to 11.8%. This scenario would correspond to a future situation in which glaciers have completely melted. These situations would imply a reduction in the water availability and the possibility of future unsatisfied water uses, in particular for irrigation, which received most of the available water in Mendoza, on which agricultural activities and regional economy depends.     

气候变化和人类活动对武江流域年径流及最大日流量影响的定量分析

针对气候变化与人类活动对流域年径流及最大日流量变化影响的定量识别问题,以华南湿润区武江流域为例,分别采用HIMS（Hydro-Informatic Modeling System）模型和敏感性系数法,从日和年尺度定量模拟和评估气候变化与人类活动对流域年最大日流量和径流变化的影响过程及贡献率。结果表明：HIMS模型在武江流域适用性良好,日尺度模型率定期和验证期的纳西效率系数分别为0.85和0.77,水量平衡误差绝对值分别为3.1%和3.3%;两种方法均表明气候变化是引起流域年径流量增加的主要因素,人类活动导致了流域径流量的减少,但贡献率较小。气候变化与人类活动导致了流域年最大日流量的增加,气候变化对年最大日流量增加的贡献率为94%,而人类活动的贡献率则为6%。相较于年均径流量,气候变化对年最大日流量的影响更为显著。     

土地利用变化及流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956-2005 年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料以及DEM、土地利用和土壤的遥感资料,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,划分一定单元流域,对海河流域进行水文类型分区划分,并讨论了土地利用转移变化及单元流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用情况下水文类型分区的结果是不同的,土地利用的变化会直接或间接影响流域水文类型分区的空间分布,土地利用变化越大,水文类型分区的转移变化也越大。单元流域尺度较小时,水文类型分区分布较为离散,反之,单元流域尺度较大时,水文类型分区的分布则较为连续。当单元流域平均面积变化小于150 km²时,分区分布虽然有一定的变化,但总体来看分区结果相对比较稳定,当单元流域平均面积变化较大,并达到250km²以上时,分区结果会发生较大变化。     

全球增温1.5℃和2.0℃对淮河中上游径流影响预估

论文应用第5次耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5,CMIP5)中5个全球气候模式(Global Climate Models,GCMs)和3种典型浓度路径(Representative Concentration Pathways,RCPs)在全球增温1.5℃和2.0℃下的预估结果,分析了淮河中上游地区未来的气候变化特征。进一步基于SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)水文模型定量预估了气候变化对该区域径流量的影响,并量化了预估结果的不确定性。结果表明:SWAT模型在淮河中上游对月径流量具有较好的模拟能力。在全球增温1.5℃和2.0℃下,淮河中上游年平均气温分别较基准期(1986—2005年)增加1.1℃和1.7℃;年降水量较基准期分别相应增加4%和7%;基于SWAT模型预估的年径流量较基准期分别增加5%和8%。未来气候变化不会改变月径流分布特征,年内径流仍集中在盛夏和初秋(6—9月)。预估的月丰水流量明显增加,尤其当全球增温达到2.0℃后,出现洪涝的风险明显增大。未来降水量和径流量预估都存在较大的不确定性,不确定性主要来源于GCMs,在全球增温2.0℃下预估的不确定性更大。     

我国东部河流水文水质对气候变化响应的研究

基于A2和B2气候变化情景,采用统计降尺度模型SDSM,将由3个国际上流行的大气环流模式GCMs(Had CM3、CSIRO-Mk2和CGCM2)模拟的未来我国东部长乐江流域的气温和降水,与水土评价模型SWAT相耦合,分析了该流域水文水质对气候变化的响应,并比较了3个大气环流模式模拟结果的异同.结果表明,所有气候情景下,TN浓度有明显的升高趋势;TP浓度有增有减,总体上仍呈微弱增加趋势.河川径流呈微弱减少趋势,而营养物负荷量呈微弱增加趋势,说明该流域水文水质状况受气温升高的影响大于降水微弱增加的影响.另外,在不同的气候变化情景下,年内径流和营养物负荷变化情况存在较大差异.研究结果可为理解河流水环境对气候变化的响应及其应对管理提供理论依据.     

北沙河上游流域潜在非点源污染风险时空变化分析

非点源污染风险时空分布特征解析和等级分区是有效控制非点源污染的关键.为了弥补PNPI（potential non-point pollution index,潜在非点源污染指数）模型中专家评价法主观赋权的不足,引入均方差决策法,并采用改进后的PNPI模型分析1980-2017年北京市北沙河上游流域潜在非点源污染风险时空变化特征,划分潜在非点源污染风险等级.结果表明:①均方差决策法根据土地利用指标、径流指标和距离指标集的数值离散程度确定各指标权重,其结果可体现各指标权重随土地利用类型动态变化的特点.②1980-2017年土地利用指标、径流指标和距离指标的平均权重分别为0.49、0.18、0.33,说明土地利用类型对非点源污染风险相对影响较大.③受土地利用类型空间分布格局影响,北沙河上游流域潜在非点源污染风险呈西北部山区低、东南部平原区高的分布特征.④随着城镇化的推进,潜在非点源污染极高风险区主要土地利用类型由旱地和园地逐渐演变为城镇用地、农村居民地和建设用地.研究显示,非点源污染风险高低与土地利用类型密切相关,可通过土地利用类型的合理布局,降低流域非点源污染风险.      

黄河流域水循环要素变化趋势分析

根据月降水、径流资料进行水循环要素分解,并应用Mann-Kendall方法分析了7个主要的水循环要素的变化趋势。分析表明:对于兰州控制断面而言,地表径流有明显的减少趋势,而其它水循环要素变化的趋势并不十分明显。但是,对于花园口控制断面而言,天然径流、地表径流和地下径流减少的趋势十分明显,而降水、蒸散发、壤中流和土壤水分通量也都呈减少趋势,但变化并不突出。进一步的研究表明了用水量的增加、降水减少以及径流系数减小与黄河流域水循环变化的关系。水循环是水资源科学评价与合理开发利用基本依据,黄河流域地处半干旱地区水循环具有垂向运动的特征,蒸发旺盛。因此,对黄河流域来说,应从其水循环的特征,考虑用水结构的调整。     

Attribution assessment and projection of natural runoff change in the Yellow River Basin of China

Climate variability and human activities are two driving factors in the hydrological cycle. The analysis of river basin hydrological response to this change in the past and future is scientifically essential for the improvement of water resource and land management. Using a water balance model based on Fu’ equation, the attribution of climate variability and land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) for natural runoff decrease was quantitatively assessed in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). With five general circulation model (GCM) s’ output provided by The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), future runoff in the context of climate change was projected. The results show that (1) compared with other distributed hydrological models, the water balance model in this study has fewer parameters and simpler calculation methods, thus having advantages in hydrological simulation and projection in large scale; (2) during the last 50 years, the annual precipitation and runoff have decreased, while the mean temperature has increased in the YRB. The decrease of natural runoff between natural period (1961 to 1985) and impacted period (1986 to 2011) could be attributed to 27.1–49.8 and 50.2–72.9% from climate variability and LUCC, respectively. As the LUCC is the major driving factor of the decrease in the upper and middle reaches of the YRB, policymakers could focus on water resources management. While climate variability makes more contribution in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB, it is essential to study the impact of future climate change on water resources under different climate change scenarios, for planning and management agencies; (3) temperature and precipitation in the YRB were predicted to increase under RCP4.5. It means that the YRB will become warmer and wetter in the future. If we assume the land-use/land-cover condition during 2011 to 2050 is the same as that during 1986 to 2011, future annual average natural runoff in the YRB will increase by 14.4 to 16.8%. However, future runoff will still be lower than the average value during 1961 to 1985. In other words, although future climate change will cause the increase of natural runoff in the YRB, the negative effect of underlying surface condition variation is stronger. It is necessary to promote the sustainable development and utilization of water resources and to enhance adaptation capacity so as to reduce the vulnerability of the water resources system to climate change and human activities.     

Assessment of future scenarios of climate and land-use changes in the IMPRINTS test-bed areas

The main objective of this work is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts produced by climate and land-use changes in six European test-bed basins (Llobregat, Guadalhorce, Gardon d’Anduze, Linth, Verzasca and Sambuco). Data to build future scenarios that can modify the different basins’ flash flood and debris flow risk level has been analyzed in this paper. High resolution climate scenarios have been obtained from several European projects and/or National initiatives, depending on each case. Climatic variables have been widely analyzed, with a special focus on extreme precipitation. Typical generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions have been fitted to observed and projected rainfall data to assess impacts in the frequency distributions of extreme rainfall up to 2100. Regarding climate, the main conclusion is the importance of using data at the maximum spatial and temporal resolution applying downscaling methodologies adapted to basin scale (test-bed areas ranging from approx 200 to 5000 km²) and oriented to obtain extreme rainfall values.In general, high variability has been detected, obtaining very different results for the different models and scenarios. Data corrections may lead to better representations of present situations and, therefore, more reliable future projections, but currently some of them are not suitable for extreme precipitation assessment.Regarding land-use changes, a cellular automata-based model has been used (MOLAND) to simulate the 2000–2040 period taking the CORINE land-use dataset as input data. Llobregat, Guadalhorce and Gardon d’Anduze basins have been identified as potentially interesting for simulating urban land-use dynamics due to the existence of important urban areas within their limits. The assessment of the rural land-use changes has been carried out using the results from the EURURALIS project (2000–2030 period), available for all the basins.The results of this paper are framed in the FP7 project IMPRINTS that has the aim of analyzing impacts of future changes to provide guidelines for mitigation and adaptation measures and, in general, to improve the application of the EC Flood Risk Management Directive.     

基于MMF模型估算植被与降雨变化对水沙的影响——以延河流域为例

为研究近年来植被对黄河各支流来水来沙锐减的贡献,选择植被变化极为显著的延河流域为研究区域,定量化估算植被的减水减沙效益。论文利用Landsat系列遥感影像数据,以及流域的气象水文资料,基于Morgan-Duzant版Morgan-Morgan-Finney(MMF)模型估算流域的径流量与输沙量,分析各植被因子与径流量、输沙量的相关性,并利用相邻时期的植被降雨数据进行情景模拟,以此估算植被与降雨对流域水沙的影响。结果表明:1MMF模型能较好地模拟流域年径流量,输沙量次之;2植被因子与径流量、输沙量空间分布格局上相关性不明显,径流量与间接植被因子(截留率、林下降雨侵蚀力和坡面沉积率)相关性较高,而输沙量与植被覆盖度相关性较高;3植被与降雨的情景模拟表明2000、2006年的植被较前一相邻时期有所改善,使得径流量分别较前期减少45.88%、25.74%,输沙量减少12.10%、27.57%。     

基于SWAT-FLUS的采煤沉陷区水文过程情景模拟

采煤区沉陷不仅会影响地表结构,还会显著改变流域水文循环,从而影响区域水资源供给。以淮南西淝河流域为研究对象,利用SWAT-FLUS集成模型模拟流域水文过程及未来情景。结果表明:1)该集成模型能准确模拟由土地利用变化带来的水文情势演变过程,并用于情景预测。2)对未来不同塌陷速率情景模拟结果显示,各情景下流域蒸散发均呈增加趋势,其中无修复模式主要为水面蒸散增加,2种修复模式主要为陆面蒸散增加;无修复模式增加了流域入渗量,2种修复模式则相反。3)从典型水文年内径流分布来看,无修复模式显著影响了地表径流的年内分布规律及径流峰值,普通修复及生态修复模式则无明显影响。4)从年际间水文变化来看,若无修复措施,流域内水文关系将在2020-2022年发生根本性转变;至2030年,地表径流将减少27.1%,普通修复模式下地表径流将减少2.5%,而生态修复可使流域地表径流增加4.4%。