生态住宅和生态住区（Ⅱ）健康、自然与环境保护

围绕生态住宅和住区的5大主题(健康、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水、生态文明)中的健康与自然和环境保护2个主题，从建材、布局和结构、服务与管理4个方面阐述维护人的身心和环境健康；从合理利用和保护水、土、气、生物多样性等生态资产和生态服务功能方面阐述保护自然和环境的内容和措施。     

水管理和工业:匈牙利的实例

匈牙利复杂的水资源问题涉及严重污染的地表水和危险性不断增加的地下水。因此在匈牙利及其邻国,有效的节水和污染控制方法至关重要。为节水和污染控制服务的活动最有效的是工业管理,包括厂内管理。在过去二十年中,这一活动已得到了发展。 由于认识到工业水管理的重要性,国家水主管部门已建立了一个覆盖法律和经济方面以及技术法规的体制框架,并引入了教育和培训课程。环境和水管理部的设立,以及此前不协调的水管理和环境保护职能的一体化,将为水资源管理、污染控制、工业水管理、废物管理和空气污染控制领域之间的合作提供新的机会。     

试论嘉定县的工业小区规划与环境管理

工业小区规划是经济发展规划和环境规划相结合的结果,是把环境保护纳入国家计划的方法之一,也是宏观环境管理的手段之一,它实际上是以经济建设、社会建设来带动生态环境建设,所以它的建设将推动农村生态环境走上良性循环的轨道。     

生态住宅和生态住区 (Ⅱ)健康、自然与环境保护

围绕生态住宅和住区的5大主题(健康、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水、生态文明)中的健康与自然和环境保护2个主题,从建材、布局和结构、服务与管理4个方面阐述维护人的身心和环境健康;从合理利用和保护水、土、气、生物多样性等生态资产和生态服务功能方面阐述保护自然和环境的内容和措施.     

天津市环境管理工作特色分析

本文对天津市近１０年来在环境保护工作中所取得的成绩进行综述,并分析了成绩取得与政府的重视和会社会的大力合作支持分不开,是与天津市科学的环境管理密切相关。天津环境管理工作的特色是形成了１０个环境管理网络,从四个方面加强环境管理,将环境管理与市政府及社会的８个方面的工作相结合。     

大亚湾惠州岸段城市化发展与海岸带生态系统保护协调研究

在分析海岸带生态系统结构、功能特点的基础上，指出大亚湾惠州岸段可持续发展的途径就是实现经济开发与海岸带生态环境保护之间的协调发展，为此，提出了区域生态－－经济系统综合效益表达工，并运用该表达式，从大亚湾海水环境保护的角度出发，得出了惠州大亚湾沿岸地区在１９９４年－２０１０年间工业发展的合理速度。     

鼓励工业达标的政策与计划：菲律宾经验

本文调查了菲律宾为鼓励工业界达到环境保护措施要求而正在实施的政策与计划，介绍了一项乐为“菲律宾环境政策”的基本法律中的环境保护概念，还有监测与执法制度环境与自然资源部已经妄动了几个计划和项目，旨在发展污染削减和废物管理的革新性办法。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成，既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护，欠帐过多的问题，也有水资源条件差，环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样，既有工业点源，又有农业和农村面源，还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。     

北美自由贸易区公众参与环境保护对我国的启示

随着世界经济发展和全球范围内环境保护浪潮的兴起，可持续发展已成为国际社会的共识．环境问题正日益得到国际社会、各国政府及人民的关注．各国政府在积极行使环境管理职权之处，纷纷采取公众参与的有效形式，达到环境保护的目的．北美自由贸易区在这一方面做了成功的探索.     

枫泾镇河流水体和沉积物中营养盐和重金属的污染特征

城市水体和近岸海域水体的富营养化和重金属污染已经成为上海市当前最突出的水环境污染问题,开展郊区中心小城镇水环境污染研究对于上海市区域可持续发展和环境保护有着极为重要的意义.     

山西万家寨引黄工程沿线生态环境特征及其保护

山西万家寨引黄工程从万家寨水利枢纽至太原市呼延水厂,全长285km。论述了引黄工程沿线的生态环境特征,主要为(1)降水偏少分布不均水资源缺乏,(2)水土流失严重,(3)植被覆盖率较低,(4)生物多样性贫乏。预测了引黄工程对生态环境的潜在影响。提出了生态环境保护的科学对策:(1)科学规划降低对植被的扰动程度,(2)综合治理减少水土流失,(3)加强环境保护工作,(4)植树种草提高植被覆盖率,(5)合理放牧防止草地继续退化,(6)调整产业结构,减轻对生态系统的压力。     

无锡市水环境变化及其引发的地质灾害问题与对策

随着经济的快速发展，无锡市水环境质量发生了很大的变化。由于在太湖、五里湖等湖泊周围大规模围湖造田，水域生态环境和原有水系格局被破坏，五里湖、梅梁湖水质恶化，每10年下降一个等级，太湖水质总体上呈现富营养化状态。水环境变化在一定程度上导致了地面沉降的发生，有的地区地下水位呈加速下降的趋势，有的地区已出现多个地下水位降落漏斗，后者面积达220km^2。应该加快区域供水建设步伐，调整工业结构，加强对水资源的管理和调控。     

Water environment security indicator system for urban water management

Water environment security (WES) is defined in terms of three aspects: first, that it meets basic demands due to industrial and domestic usage; second, that it protects public health from acute and chronic threats; and third, that measures are adopted to ensure sustainable ecological functioning of freshwater resources. Limitations associated with current water environment security indicators in China ?? including inefficiency in terms of environmental monitoring, inappropriate indicators and parameters that do not take sufficient account of local water characteristics, and a lack of management targets ??leads to a failure of effective water management. To achieve better water environment management, a systematic approach, encompassing several steps including establish ideal indicator system and narrow down the scope, screen priority pollutants, identify local characteristics and organize discussion workshop, should be followed to establish a comprehensive water environment indicator system. A case study in Suzhou is included to demonstrate the detailed operational procedures used to assess the risks associated with poor management practices relating to water environment security as well as design an appropriate water environment security indicator system.     

Control concept and countermeasures for shallow lakes’ eutrophication in China

Research on lake eutrophication in China began in the early 1970s, and many lakes in China are now known to be in meso-eutrophic status. Lake eutrophication has been showing a rapidly increasing trend since 2000. Investigations show that the main reasons for lake eutrophication include a fragile lake background environment, excessive nutrient loading into lakes, excessive human activities, ecological degeneration, weak environmental protection awareness, and lax lake management. Major mechanisms resulting from lake eutrophication include nutrient recycling imbalance, major changes in water chemistry (pH, oxygen, and carbon), lake ecosystem imbalance, and algal prevalence in lakes. Some concepts for controlling eutrophication should be persistently proposed, including lake catchment control, combination of pollutant source control with ecological restoration, protection of three important aspects (terrestrial ecology, lake coast zone, and submerged plant), and combination of lake management with regulation. Measures to control lake eutrophication should include pollution source control (i.e., optimize industrial structural adjustments in the lake catchment, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emission amounts, and control endogenous pollution) and lake ecological restoration (i.e. establish a zone-lake buffer region and lakeside zone, protect regional vegetation, utilize hydrophytes in renovation technology); countermeasures for lake management should include implementing water quality management, identifying environmental and lake water goals, legislating and formulating laws and regulations to protect lakes, strengthening publicity and the education of people, increasing public awareness through participation in systems and mechanic innovations, establishing lake region management institutions, and ensuring implementation of governance and management measures.     

北方城市干涸河流生态环境治理途径

以滹沱河石家庄市区段为例,针对目前我国北方城市干涸河流治理和改造存在的问题,提出"以绿代水"的生态恢复与重建模式。在对河流进行生态输水、水资源合理管理与调度的同时,选择适宜的研究尺度,恢复流域内自然植被,实现河道中心区草本滞洪补潜、缓冲区灌木束水导流、杨柳护堤造岸、过渡区林果防风固沙的"绿色滹沱",为北方城市干涸河流的生态环境治理提出新的理念和途径。     

天津引滦入津水源保护与生态恢复技术

介绍了引滦入津水系的生态特征、水质问题及发展趋势,在此基础上对引滦入津水源保护的应采取的战略方针及生态恢复技术进行了讨论。提出了从汇水区域生态管理入手,控制水体富营养化,建立流域管理与区域管理相结合的新管理模式,水源保护管理工程实行企业化经营管理方式等建议;以及面源污染防治技术、湿地处理系统的设计与建设等研究内容。     

Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China

China is at present experiencing a very rapid urbanization process, which has brought a number of adverse impacts upon the water environment. In particular, urban runoff quantity and quality control have emerged as one of the key concerns for municipal officials. One of the strategies being considered is the use of a Low Impact Development type of Best Management Practices (LID BMPs) for urban storm water runoff quantity and quality control. In this paper, the situation surrounding urban runoff control in China is reviewed first. Then the conventional strategy and technologies for the construction and management of urban drainage systems are discussed, while exploring their inherent dilemmas. The LID BMPs are then introduced to control urban runoff in the context of urban sustainable water systems. After the comprehensive analysis of the various LID BMPs, the advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China are investigated and summarized. At last, the difficulties of implementing LID BMPs in China are discussed, and a direction for the future is proposed.     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

应用底栖动物为指示生物的松花江干流水生态预警研究

指示生物监测及水生态预警是利用水环境中指示物种的数量、群落结构指标和个体生理指标等描述水生态系统的健康状态,其相比于常规理化监测和预警更直接地反映水体的生态质量。本研究在松花江干流2012—2015年大型底栖无脊椎动物监测结果的基础上,结合各监测点生态质量管理目标,通过分析物种的种类、出现的频次、物种污染敏感性(耐污值),尝试提出了松花江干流监控断面以底栖动物为指示生物的水生态预警模式,研究思路和结果对流域水环境风险管理指标的拓展有积极作用。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。