Bio-remediation of acephate–Pb(II) compound contaminants by Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33

Removal of Pb~(2+)and biodegradation of organophosphorus have been both widely investigated respectively. However, bio-remediation of both Pb~(2+)and organophosphorus still remains largely unexplored. Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33, which was isolated from the sediment of a lake, possesses the capability for both biomineralization of Pb~(2+)and biodegradation of acephate. In the present study, both Pb~(2+)and acephate were simultaneously removed via biodegradation and biomineralization in aqueous solutions.Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of p H, interaction time and Pb~(2+)concentration on the process of removal of Pb2+. At the temperature of 25°C, the maximum removal of Pb~(2+)by B. subtilis FZUL-33 was 381.31 ± 11.46 mg/g under the conditions of p H 5.5, initial Pb~(2+)concentration of 1300 mg/L, and contact time of 10 min. Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of acephate on removal of Pb~(2+)and the influence of Pb2+on biodegradation of acephate by B. subtilis FZUL-33. In the mixed system of acephate–Pb2+, the results show that biodegradation of acephate by B. subtilis FZUL-33 released PO43+, which promotes mineralization of Pb2+. The process of biodegradation of acephate was affected slightly when the concentration of Pb2+was below 100 mg/L. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the B. subtilis FZUL-33 plays a significant role in bio-remediation of organophosphorus-heavy metal compound contamination.     

Pretreatment of cyanided tailings by catalytic ozonation with Mn/O

The increasing amount of cyanided tailings produced as a by-product has gained significant attention in recent years because of the rapid development of the gold industry and extensive exploitation of gold mineral resources. The effective use of these secondary resources is becoming an important and urgent problem for all environmental protection staff. Manganese-catalyzed ozonation for the pre-oxidation of cyanided tailings was studied and the effects of Mn^2 + dosage, initial sulfuric acid concentration, ozone volume flow, temperature and agitation speed on pretreatment were examined. The optimum reaction conditions were observed to be: ore pulp density 2.5%, agitation speed 700 r/min, temperature 60°C, Mn^2 + dosage 40 g/L, ozone volume flow 80 L/hr, initial sulfuric acid concentration 1 mol/L, and reaction time 6 hr. Under these conditions, the leaching rate of Fe and weight loss could reach 94.85% and 48.89% respectively. The leaching process of cyanided tailings by Mn^2 +/O³ was analyzed, and it was found that the leaching of pyrite depends on synergetic oxidation by high-valent manganese and O³, in which the former played an important part.     

Insight into the adsorption of tetracycline onto amino and amino–Fe functionalized mesoporous silica: Effect of functionalized groups

In order to study the influences of functionalized groups onto the adsorption of tetracycline (TC), we prepared a series of amino and amino–Fe^3 + complex mesoporous silica adsorbents with diverse content of amino and Fe^3 + groups (named N,N-SBA15 and Fe-N,N-SBA15). The resulting mesoporous silica adsorbents were fully characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms. Furthermore, the effects of functionalized groups on the removal of TC were investigated. The results showed that the periodic ordered structure of SBA-15 was maintained after modification of amino/Fe^3 + groups. The functionalized amino groups decreased the adsorption capacity while the coordinated Fe^3 + increased the adsorption capacity. The adsorption kinetics of TC fitted pseudo-second-order model well and the equilibrium was achieved quickly. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model well and with the Fe^3 + content increased from 3.93% to 8.26%, the Q_max of the adsorbents increased from 102 to 188 mmol/kg. The solution pH affected the adsorption of TC onto amino complex adsorbents slightly while influenced the adsorption onto Fe-amine complex adsorbents greatly. The adsorption of TC on SBA15 and N,N-SBA15 may be related to the formation of outer-sphere surface complexes, while the adsorption of TC onto Fe-N,N-SBA15 was mainly attributed to the inner-sphere surface complexes. This study could offer potential materials that have excellent adsorption behavior for environmental remediation and suggested useful information for the preparing other adsorbents in environmental applications.     

Mg improves biomass production from soybean wastewater using purple non-sulfur bacteria

Soybean wastewater was used to generate biomass resource by use of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB). This study investigated the enhancement of PNSB cell accumulation in wastewater by Mg^2 + under the light-anaerobic condition. Results showed that with the optimal Mg^2 + dosage of 10 mg/L, biomass production was improved by 70% to 3630 mg/L, and biomass yield also was improved by 60%. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal reached above 86% and hydraulic retention time was shortened from 96 to 72 hr. The mechanism analysis indicated that Mg^2 + could promote the content of bacteriochlorophyll in photosynthesis because Mg^2 + is the bacteriochlorophyll active center, and thus improved adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. An increase of ATP production enhanced the conversion of organic matter in wastewater into PNSB cell materials (biomass yield) and COD removal, leading to more biomass production. With 10 mg/L Mg^2 +, bacteriochlorophyll content and ATP production were improved by 60% and 33% respectively.     

聚羟基铝柱撑硅藻土的制备及其对水溶液中Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附特性

鉴于天然硅藻土因理化构造缺陷而导致的吸附性能局限性和传统物化方法对硅藻土改性效果的有限性,为了显著改善硅藻土的吸附性能,采用聚羟基铝对硅藻土实施了柱撑改性.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析了硅藻土柱撑前后理化特性的变化,并考察了柱撑前后硅藻土表面性能及其对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)吸附特性的差异.结果表明,硅藻土最佳柱撑条件为n(OH-)/n(Al3+)=2.2、KCl浓度1.8 mol·L~(-1)、Al/土比10 mmol·g~(-1)、反应温度60℃、反应时间24 h、老化温度200℃、老化时间0.5 h.柱撑后,聚羟基铝被成功置入硅藻壳体内部,形成了有效柱体,增大了孔道间距,拓展了吸附反应界面,使微孔表面羟基数量增多,表面活性增强.柱撑前后硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的等温吸附特性均符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学特性均符合二级动力学模型.柱撑后硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附容量分别达到7.491 mg·g~(-1)、11.312mg·g~(-1),较柱撑前分别提高了32.9%、33.3%,硅藻土吸附性能得到了极大的改善.     

复合污染对Pb2+在固定床系统中的动态吸附过程影响及机制

针对复合污染体系对污染物处理效果的影响问题,以限氧裂解法制备的污泥基生物炭（SSB）为吸附剂,探索其在不同污染体系下的吸附性能变化.基于污泥基生物炭构建固定床系统,研究连续流条件下复合污染体系（Zn2+、NH₄+、H₂PO₄-）对Pb2+在固定床动态吸附行为的影响,对比不同体系下系统运行参数的变化.结果表明:①不同复合体系均对SSB的Pb2+吸附效果产生抑制作用,其影响大小为NH₄+ > Zn2+ > H₂PO₄-.而三元/四元复合污染体系中,H₂PO₄-的加入会减弱复杂体系对Pb2+的吸附抑制作用.②固定床系统中,不同复合体系对吸附穿透曲线参数的影响顺序为Pb2+-Zn2+-NH₄+-H₂PO₄- > Pb2+-Zn2+-H₂PO₄- > Pb2+-Zn2+-NH₄+ > Pb2+-NH₄+-H₂PO₄-.③固定床系统动态吸附量（q_d）与传质区长度（H）的变化分析均显示,复合污染体系会降低固定床吸附性能.④数据拟合结果表明,相比于Yoon-Nelson模型,Thomas模型能更好地描述Pb2+在复合体系中的动态吸附过程,但复合污染会限制动态吸附模型的应用,导致模型预测不准确.研究显示,复合污染体系会显著影响吸附剂在连续流状态下的吸附性能,有选择地处理特定污染物可以减少复合污染体系对净化效果的干扰.      

液/固体系Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+在硅藻土表面的吸附行为与特性

为了深入了解液/固体系Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)在硅藻土表面的吸附行为与特性,为硅藻土在含重金属离子废水处理上的应用提供充分的理论依据,采用静态吸附试验对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)在硅藻土表面的吸附条件、性能、行为与特性进行了系统的研究.结果表明,硅藻土投加量和离子初始浓度对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的影响均可归结为液/固比(液相离子与硅藻土的质量比)的影响,过高或过低的液固比均不利于吸附,硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)所需的最佳液/固比分别为0.025、0.100和0.100.溶液初始pH值对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的影响主要与溶液初始pH值与硅藻土等电点(2.0)之间的距离有关,接近或低于硅藻土等电点都不利于吸附,过高的pH值会使Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)发生沉淀,也不利于吸附,硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)所需的最适溶液初始pH值区间分别为4.0~6.0、4.0~7.0和4.0~7.0.溶液温度对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的液膜扩散、颗粒扩散和吸附反应3个过程的影响不一致,导致对吸附量的影响无明显规律.硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的吸附分别符合Langmuir、Tenkin、Freundlish等温吸附模型,以物理吸附为主,吸附反应容易进行,在40 min达到平衡,吸附容量(25℃时)理论值分别为4.335、23.031、3.844 mg·g~(-1).吸附是自发的、吸热的、无序性增加,符合二级动力学模型.吸附速率的控制步骤为发生在孔道内部的吸附反应.     

低浓度锌及其EDTA配合物长期暴露对鲫鱼肝脏锌富集及抗氧化系统的影响

选择幼龄鲫鱼为材料 ,研究锌(Zn²⁺)及其配合物(Zn-EDTA)低浓度长期暴露(40d)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏锌富集和抗氧化防御系统的影响 .结果表明 ,鲫鱼肝脏中锌的积累量随锌暴露浓度的升高而增加,且Zn²⁺处理明显高于Zn EDTA处理 .2种形态锌对鲫鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx)均表现出抑制作用 ,其中Zn²⁺暴露浓度与酶活性之间存在良好的剂量效应关系;Zn²⁺在低浓度时对谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)有诱导作用 ,高浓度时为抑制作用 .Zn EDTA对GST活性始终产生抑制作用 .CAT与GPx对锌暴露比GST和SOD更为敏感 ,适合作为水环境锌污染的早期监测指标 .     

Zn2+和Cd2+对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应

为探究Zn2+和Cd2+对轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应,在不同温度(15、20和25 ℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)不同密度(0.5×106、1.0×106和2.0×106 mL-1)下,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用3 d种群累积培养方法,研究了不同 Zn2+污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)分别为0.315、0.630和1.260 mg/L〕、Cd2+污染处理组〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.073、0.145和0.289 mg/L〕、Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.315、0.073 mg/L,0.630、0.145 mg/L和1.260、0.289 mg/L〕 对轮虫种群增长率和混交雌体百分率的影响. 结果表明:当藻密度为0.5×106和2.0×106 mL-1时,与对照组相比,随着温度上升,对轮虫种群增长率产生抑制作用的处理组数明显增加,高温(25 ℃)下,所有处理组均显著降低轮虫种群增长率. 15和20 ℃下,与较低、中等藻密度(0.5×106、1.0×106 mL-1)相比,较高藻密度(2.0×106 mL-1)下轮虫种群受到毒性影响的处理组数明显减少;25 ℃下,各处理组轮虫种群增长率均随藻密度的升高而增加. 在温度为15和20 ℃、藻密度为0.5×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为1.260、0.289 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为1.260 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.289 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率;温度为25 ℃、藻密度为2.0×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.630、0.145 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为0.630 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.145 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率. 研究显示,温度、藻密度和重金属质量浓度之间的交互作用对轮虫种群增长率的影响大于其对混交雌体百分率的影响,随着温度的升高和藻密度的降低,Zn2+、Cd2+对轮虫的单一和联合毒性效应增加.      

异丙甲草胺与锌共存对斜生栅藻毒性手性差异影响

为评价重金属与手性农药共存的生物选择性毒性,采用毒性试验标准方法研究了Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺单独及与锌共存对斜生栅藻的手性毒性差异.结果表明,Zn2+存在条件下Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的生长趋势影响与除草剂单独作用时的趋势基本相同,Zn2+的存在降低了高浓度除草剂对斜生栅藻的生长抑制作用,处理初期(24 h)0.30 mg·L-1Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺单独对斜生栅藻生长的抑制率分别为49.61%和59.73%,与Zn2+联合作用其抑制率分别为38.41%和42.52%.Zn2+的存在增加了Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的立体选择性毒性差异,使S-异丙甲草胺急性毒性增大的程度大于Rac-异丙甲草胺毒性的增加;与Zn2+的联合毒性作用类型表现为除草剂在低浓度下为部分相加作用,高浓度下为拮抗作用;除草剂单独及与Zn2+联合作用处理96 h后的斜生栅藻叶绿素含量变化与其生长趋势基本一致.     

Aeromonas veronii N8不同类型胞外聚合物的性质及其Zn2+吸附特征

以Aeromonas veronii N8为研究对象,对其松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）的性质及其吸Zn2+特征进行了研究.结果表明,LB-EPS和TB-EPS具有不同的多糖及蛋白组成比例;与TB-EPS相比,LB-EPS的分子量分布范围较窄,但其平均分子量较大,TB-EPS中含有一些LB-EPS不具有的富含芳香族氨基酸的蛋白质,而LB-EPS则含有少量TB-EPS不具有的腐殖酸类物质;1H NMR与XPS分析发现,两种EPS具有相似的结构与元素组成,但各元素在两者中的组成比例并不相同;LB-EPS和TB-EPS具有相似的Zn2+吸附规律,经90 min后二者均能达到吸附平衡,但LB-EPS的吸附率一直大于TB-EPS,二者的吸附率则随着EPS浓度的增加而变大,并随着Zn2+浓度的增加而变小;对比Zn2+吸附前后,两种EPS中属于核酸、多糖与蛋白质在内的一些特征官能团的强度或位置则发生了一定的变化,表明这些特征峰在吸附过程具有不同的功能作用;而LB-EPS和TB-EPS的Zn2+吸附过程则可分别采用Freundlich和Temkin模型进行描述.     

层状金属硫属化物对水中锌的离子交换性能研究

通过水热反应制备的层状金属硫属化物K1.9Mn0.95Sn2.02S6(KMS),对水中Zn2+具有良好的吸附性能.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等手段表征了KMS吸附前后的结构、化学组成和微观形貌.Zn2+与K+发生离子交换后,会与硫产生共价键作用而被吸附,材料的层间距由0.851 nm变为1.123 nm.化学吸附导致吸附后的KMS表面会变得粗糙.考察了pH、反应时间、初始浓度、反应温度和共存离子等因素对KMS吸附Zn2+的影响.在pH=3~6之间,溶液的pH对吸附量没有明显影响.在不同温度下,动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,而且速率控制步骤主要由液膜扩散控制.吸附过程的活化能为40.24 kJ · mol-1.在10 ℃、25 ℃和40 ℃下,KMS对Zn2+的最大吸附量分别是:111.67 mg · g-1、142.91 mg · g-1和161.02 mg · g-1.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以用来描述吸附平衡过程.碱金属和碱土金属离子对Zn2+去除率的影响较小,影响顺序是Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+,而重金属离子对Zn2+的去除影响较大,影响顺序是Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Ni2+.离子交换后的KMS不会再释放出Zn2+,可以作为一种永久储存重金属的废弃物.     

酿酒酵母对Ag+的吸附特性研究

为了深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附贵金属离子Ag⁺的特性,研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、初始pH值、温度对废弃酿酒酵母吸附Ag⁺的影响,并分析了动力学、热力学以及等温吸附特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Ag⁺的过程进行得很快,当Ag⁺初始浓度为1 mmol·L^-1、细胞浓度2 g·L^-1条件下,反应10 min,Ag⁺可以达到平衡吸附量的86%以上.随后在24 h内吸附量缓慢增加,去除率基本维持在51%～55%左右.酵母吸附Ag⁺的过程可以用准一级和准二级动力学方程描述,后者模拟效果更好.酵母吸附Ag⁺的等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程描述,但Freundlich方程拟合效果较差.当Ag⁺初始浓度为0～8 mmol·L^-1、酵母浓度2 g·L^-1条件下,酵母吸附Ag⁺的Langmuir理论饱和生物吸附容量为0.385 mmol·g^-1.在pH 2.0～7.2范围内,吸附量随着溶液初始pH值升高而升高.10～40℃范围内,温度对酵母吸附Ag⁺的影响不如pH值的影响显著,特别是在低离子浓度下尤其如此.酵母吸附Ag⁺的较适宜温度为20～30℃.热力学分析表明,酵母吸附Ag⁺具有自发性、熵增特征.