Investigation of colloidal biogenic sulfur flocculation: Optimization using response surface analysis

The colloidal properties of biogenic elemental sulfur(S~0)cause solid–liquid separation problems,such as poor settling and membrane fouling.In this study,the separation of S~0 from bulk liquids was performed using flocculation.Polyaluminum chloride(PAC),polyacrylamide(PAM)and microbial flocculant(MBF)were compared to investigate their abilities to flocculate S~0 produced during the treatment of sulfate-containing wastewater.A novel approach with response surface methodology(RSM)was employed to evaluate the effects and interactions of flocculant dose,pH and stirring intensity,on the treatment efficiency in terms of the S~0 flocculation and the supernatant turbidity removal.The dose optimization results indicated that the S~0 flocculation efficiency decreased in the following order PACMBFPAM.Optimum S~0 flocculation conditions were observed at pH 4.73,a stirring speed of 129 r/min and a flocculant dose of 2.42 mg PAC/mg S.During optimum flocculation conditions,the S~0f locculation rate reached 97.53%.Confirmation experiments demonstrated that employing PAC for S~0 flocculation is feasible and RSM is an efficient approach for optimizing the process of S~0 flocculation.The results provide basic parameters and conditions for recovering sulfur during the treatment of sulfate-laden wastewaters.     

New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge for heavy metals

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb2+and Zn2+in aqueous single-metal solutions. A p H value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55°C. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes, and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients(above 0.99 for both metal ions) and insignificant lack of fit(p = 0.0838 and 0.0782 for Pb2+and Zn2+, respectively). Atomic force microscopy analyses suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of complexation(between –NH2,-CN and metal ions) and ion-exchange(between –COOH and metal ions). The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between functional groups and metal ions.     

浆纸企业CO2排放因子分析及计算方法研究

根据浆纸生产的工艺特点和生产实际,推导出主流的制浆技术、造纸技术、浆纸废渣替代燃煤、沼气替代燃煤的CO2排放因子分别为0.229,1.304,1.5,3.69t/t.以此为基础并参考相关的资料,分析了纸机的不同部位对CO2排放因子的影响,并模拟了不同生产规模时CO2排放总量.结果表明:浆纸企业CO2排放总量中,造纸系统和废物处理系统占据主导地位分别为54.23%和33.86%,造纸系统和制浆系统中耗热工段对CO2总量的贡献比例分别为75.6%和90.22%,废物处理系统中,浆纸废渣任意弃置和沼气任意排放CO2总量的贡献比例分别为46.06%和47.59%.     

El Niño影响下春季南海北部表层水体CO2分压变化

采用走航连续观测系统分别在2011年5月和2015年5月对南海北部表层水体温度、盐度、溶解氧、叶绿素a和pCO_2进行了现场观测.在El Nio影响下,2015年5月华南地区及广东省降雨量偏多,大量冲淡水入海,南海北部冲淡水区域海表盐度显著降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域海表盐度平均值为(28.05±6.18),低于2011年5月的海表盐度平均值(29.65±2.58),同时实测冲淡水区域海表温度平均升高约2.10℃.冲淡水携带的营养物质和适度升高的海表温度共同促进了冲淡水区域浮游植物的繁殖.浮游植物光合作用不断地将海水中的游离CO2转化为有机碳,同时释放出氧气,使得水体pCO_2降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域pCO_2平均值为(286±95)μatm,低于2011年5月的pCO_2平均值(300±42)μatm.2015年5月实测获得离岸海域pCO_2平均值为(421±9)μatm,高于2011年5月pCO_2平均值(386±13)μatm,二者差值为35μatm,海表温度是离岸海域pCO_2的主要影响因子,2015年5月El Nio期间离岸海域SST升高1.96℃.El Nio影响下冲淡水区域的碳汇作用增加,离岸海域的碳源作用增强,冲淡水区域碳汇增加与离岸海域碳源增强基本抵消,2015年5月南海北部整体仍是CO_2弱汇区,约为-0.40 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与2011年5月通量值-0.58 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)差别不明显.     

赤泥强化型岸边缓冲带模拟系统对再生水中磷净化机理初探

为了探讨赤泥对再生水中磷的净化机理,利用烧结法得到了比表面积大、孔隙众多且均匀,钙、铁金属元素含量高,对磷具有较好的吸附作用的赤泥,并通过室内模拟河岸缓冲带系统研究了不同赤泥施入比例对再生水中磷的净化效果及机理.结果表明,赤泥投加量控制在2.5%～5.0%之间时,不仅对再生水中磷的去除效果最好,而且可促使系统基质中铁铝...     

Synthesis of a novel illite@carbon nanocomposite adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater

A novel illite@carbon (I@C) nanocomposite adsorbent has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) using glucose as carbonaceous source and illite as the carrier. The morphology, microstructure and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposite adsorbent were analyzed by FESEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and Zeta potential measurements. Batch experiments were carried out on the adsorption of Cr(VI) to determine the adsorption properties of the composite. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto the I@C nanocomposite was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Compared with the illite and carbon material (SC) separately, the prepared I@C nanocomposite adsorbent exhibited enhanced adsorption performance for Cr(VI) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g, which was higher than that of most reported adsorbents. In addition, the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic based on the adsorption thermodynamics study. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by I@C was highly pH-dependent and the optimum adsorption occurred at pH 2.0. The Zeta potential analysis results indicated that the electrostatic interactions between anionic Cr(VI) and the positively charged surface of the adsorbent might be critical to the adsorption mechanism. This study demonstrated that the I@C nanocomposite should be a promising candidate for a low-cost, environmental friendly and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO using a spray dryer absorption (SDA) method combined with O3 oxidation for sintering/pelleting flue gas

Based on the demand of sintering/pelleting flue gas ultra-low emission,a semi-dry method using a spray dryer absorber (SDA) combined with O₃ oxidation was proposed for simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO.Effects of O₃ injection site,O₃/NO molar ratio,and spray tower temperature on the removal efficiencies were investigated.It was revealed that both desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies could reach to 85%under the conditions of setting O_3...     

均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)在活性炭吸附去除水中典型嗅味物质中的应用

水厂中投加粉末活性炭时,由于反应时间非常短,其吸附动力学行为的确定非常重要.利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对粉末活性炭吸附水中2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)及土臭素(geosmin)时的动力学过程进行了模拟.结果表明,只要通过1组吸附动力学实验取得相应的数据,就可以利用均相表面扩散模型HSDM对不同投量下粉末活性炭的吸附动力学过程进行有效的预测,并结合原水中MIB或geosmin的初始浓度、需要处理达到的目标浓度以及粉末活性炭接触时间,确定粉末活性炭的投加量.     

镁盐对高速铁路列车粪便污水中磷回收的响应面法优化研究

通过响应面Box-Behnken实验设计,对镁盐回收高速铁路列车(高铁)粪便污水中磷进行优化研究,并对回收的产物进行分析.考察了p H值(8~10)、镁磷元素物质的量比(2~6)、反应时间(5~25 min)和温度(5~25℃)等条件对磷回收率的影响.结果表明,镁盐回收高铁粪便污水中磷的最优参数为:p H为9.5,镁磷元素物质的量比为5.7、反应时间为6.4 min、温度为5.0℃,磷的回收率响应值可达到95.3%.傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析回收产物,表明主要的物质为磷酸铵镁,可能存在一定磷酸镁.能量弥散X射线(EDAX)分析回收产物,得到物质中磷元素的质量分数为17.1%.研究结果表明,运用镁盐从高铁粪便污水回收磷是可行的,具有一定的参考和借鉴意义.     

Recent advances based on the synergetic effect of adsorption for removal of dyes from waste water using photocatalytic process

The problem of textile dye pollution has been addressed by various methods,mainly physical,chemical,biological,and acoustical.These methods mainly separate and/or remove the dye present in water.Recently,advanced oxidation processes(AOP)have been focused for removal of dye from waste water due to their advantages such as ecofriendly,economic and capable to degrade many dyes or organic pollutant present in water.Photocatalysis is one of the advance oxidation processes,mainly carried out under irradiation of light and suitable photocatalytic materials.The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalytic materials mainly depends on the band gap,surface area,and generation of electron–hole pair for degradation dyes present in water.It has been observed that the surface area plays a major role in photocatalytic degradation of dyes,by providing higher surface area,which leads to the higher adsorption of dye molecule on the surface of photocatalyst and enhances the photocatalytic activity.This present review discusses the synergic effect of adsorption of dyes on the photocatalytic efficiency of various nanostructured high surface area photocatalysts.In addition,it also provides the properties of the water polluting dyes,their mechanism and various photocatalytic materials;and their morphology used for the dye degradation under irradiation of light along with the future prospects of highly adsorptive photocatalytic material and their application in photocatalytic removal of dye from waste water.     

Novel functional fiber loaded with carbon dots for the deep removal of Cr(VI) by adsorption and photocatalytic reduction

A novel functional fiber (PAN-CDs) loaded with carbon dots (CDs) with excellent photoreduction and adsorption properties for Cr(VI) was prepared via an amidization reaction between the CDs' carboxyl groups and amine groups on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based ion exchange fibers, which could completely preserve the fluorescence properties of the CDs. The photoluminescence (PL), photocatalysis and adsorption properties of PAN-CDs were characterized and analyzed. The PAN-CDs possess high adsorption capacity (297.6?mg/g) and excellent kinetic behavior (attaining adsorption equilibrium in 30?min) for Cr(VI) adsorption. Furthermore, the residual Cr(VI) (approximately 3?mg/L) after adsorption could be removed completely by subsequent photoreduction by the PAN-CDs. The Cr-saturated PAN-CDs could be easily separated by filtering and regenerated, with no observable decay of removal efficiency after five regeneration cycles. In addition, due to the PL quenching action of Cr(VI), the PAN-CDs can also be used as sensor for quantitative detection of trace Cr(VI) in aqueous solution.     

外加碳源对生物炭基潜流人工湿地净化污水处理厂尾水效能的影响

生物炭作为一种多功能生态环保材料,近年来被广泛应用于人工湿地污水处理中,其可为异养反硝化提供碳源,从而提高人工湿地的脱氮能力。通过室内构建石英砂/杏仁壳生物炭基质（体积比7∶3）人工湿地,同时以石英砂基质人工湿地为对照,运行后期通过外加碳源设计不同碳氮比（C/N）,且分别采用连续流和间歇流的运行方式,探究外加碳源对生物炭基水平潜流人工湿地深度净化实际污水处理厂尾水效果的影响。结果表明：外加碳源前,人工湿地的化学需氧量（COD）去除率为负,总氮（TN）和硝氮（NO₃ ⁻-N）去除率在41 d内持续降低;而外加碳源后,石英砂单元和石英砂/生物炭单元的COD去除率分别增至37.88%~90.44%和73.60%~97.90%,TN和NO₃ ⁻-N去除率也明显提高。在外加碳源使进水C/N为8且间歇流运行时,石英砂/生物炭单元的TN和NO₃ ⁻-N去除率最高,分别达65.61%和74.20%。生物炭添加提高了湿地微生物生物量,同时创造了有利于反硝化作用发生的氧化还原环境,使石英砂/生物炭单元的COD、TN和NO₃ ⁻-N去除率分别提高了5.66%~130.35%、9.34%~54.03%和8.71%~63.04%。外加碳源与生物炭添加可作为一种有效手段强化实际污水处理厂尾水人工湿地系统的脱氮效能。

     

Modified activated carbon with interconnected fibrils of iron-oxyhydroxides using Mn2 + as morphology regulator, for a superior arsenic removal from water

The arsenic removal efficiency of iron-modified activated carbons depends greatly on the number of available iron oxide surface sites, which are given by the surface area of the anchored particles. In this sense, aiming the generation of an adsorbent with superior arsenic adsorption capacity, we developed a protocol to anchor interconnected fibrils of iron oxyhydroxides, using Mn^2 + as a morphology regulator. The protocol was based on a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, using bituminous based activated carbon and both Fe^2 + and Mn^2 + ions in the hydrolysis solution. The elemental analysis of modified carbons revealed that Mn does not anchor to the carbon. However, when Mn is included in the hydrolysis solution, the iron content in the activated carbon increased up to 3.5?wt%, without considerable decreasing the adsorbent surface area. Under specific hydrothermal conditions, the Mn^2 + promoted the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles shaped as interconnected fibrils. This material showed a superior arsenic adsorption capacity in comparison to similar iron modified activated carbons (5?mg As/g carbon, at 2?mg As/L), attributed to the increase in quantity and availability of active sites located on the novel interconnected fibrils of iron oxyhydroxides nanostructures.     

生物法烟气脱硝工艺研究进展

氮氧化物（NO_x）作为PM_2.5和O₃的前驱物,是重要的大气污染控制指标。选择性催化还原（SCR）、选择性非催化还原（SNCR）等是目前燃煤工业锅炉烟气脱硝的主流技术,但存在投资成本高、运行条件苛刻等问题,在中小型烟气脱硝工程应用中受到限制。生物法烟气脱硝技术因其高效、低耗、可持续特征在中小规模烟气脱硝中得到青睐,近年来许多学者对其开展了较广泛的研究。综述了生物法烟气脱硝技术的研究进展,概述相关工艺的脱硝原理及技术特征。论述了化学吸收-生物降解法（BioDeNO_x）的最新研究方向,重点阐述了络合吸收-生物还原（CABR）反应器的运行原理、还原机制、反应器开发、运行参数和影响因素等,讨论了CABR体系存在的问题及解决措施,并对生物法烟气脱硝技术今后的研究方向进行了展望。

     

Dissimilatory reduction of Fe~III (EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption

IntroductionThecombustionoffossilfuelsgeneratesSO2 andNOxpollutantswhichcauseairpollutionandacidrain .Existingfluegasdesulfurization(FGD)scrubbersinvolvelimestoneprocesses,whichareefficientforcontrollingSO2 emission ,butareincapableofremovingalmostwater i…     

Optimization via response surface methodology of the synthesis of a dust suppressant and its performance characterization for use in open cut coal mines

To relieve dust pollution in open cut coal mines and reduce the hazards of coal dust pollution to the environment and workers we optimized the synthesis of a dust suppressant by graft copolymerization of environmentally friendly soy protein isolate with methyl methacrylate. This dust suppressant could effectively control dust pollution in open cut coal mines. The optimized conditions for graft copolymerization in this case were determined by a response surface experiment designed with Design-Expert 10 software. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy showed a significant morphology change of the dust suppressant and the generation of a rigid and dense layer on its surface after interacting with coal dust. The layer exhibited good bonding and dust suppression performance. The analysis with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the appearance of new absorption peaks near 1300, 1072, and 1631 cm⁻¹, demonstrating effective graft copolymerization. The proposed dust suppressant exhibited excellent wind erosion resistance, with a resistance that exceeded 90% at a wind speed of 6.5 m/sec. The successful graft copolymerization and effective bonding and curing of the dust suppressant on coal dust were experimentally verified. This is of great significance to the control of coal dust pollution.     

Dissimilatory reduction of FeIII (EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption

In the system of nitric oxide removal from the flue gas by metal chelate absorption, it is an obstacle that ferrous absorbents are easily oxidized by oxygen in the flue gas to ferric counterparts, which are not capable of binding NO. By adding iron metal or electrochemical method, Fe^Ⅲ (EDTA) can be reduced to Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA).However, there are various drawbacks associated with these techniques. The dissimilatory reduction of Fe^Ⅲ(EDTA) with microorganisms in the system of nitric oxide removal by metal chelate absorption was investigated. Ammonium salt instead of nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, as nitrates inhibited the reduction of Fe^Ⅲ due to the competition between the two electron acceptors. Supplemental glucose and lactate stimulated the formation of Fe^Ⅱ more than ethanol as the carbon sources. The microorganisms cultured at 50~C were not very sensitive to the other experimental temperature, the reduction percentage of Fe^Ⅲ varied little with the temperature range of 30-50℃.Concentrated Na2 CO3 solution was added to adjust the solution pH to an optimal pH range of 6-7. The overall results revealed that the dissimilatory ferric reducing microorganisms present in the mix-culture are probably neutrophilic, moderately thermophiUc Fe^Ⅲ reducers.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of selected drug residues in wastewater and surface water

Pharmaceutical residues have become tightly controlled environmental contaminants in recent years, due to their increasing concentration in environmental components. This is mainly caused by their high level of production and everyday consumption. Therefore there is a need to apply new and sufficiently sensitive analytical methods, which can detect the presence of these contaminants even in very low concentrations. This study is focused on the application of a reliable analytical method for the analysis of 10 selected drug residues, mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and dicofenac), in wastewaters and surface waters. This analytical method is based on solid phase extraction, derivatization by N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and finally analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with Time-of-Flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC- TOF MS). Detection limits ranged from 0.18 to 5 ng/L depending on the compound and selected matrix. The method was successfully applied for detection of the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in the Svratka River and in wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modrice, Czech Republic. The concentration of pharmaceuticals varied from one to several hundreds of ng/L in surface water and from one to several tens of μg/L in wastewater.     

NitroMAC: An instrument for the measurement of HONO and intercomparison with a long-path absorption photometer

NitroMAC (French acronym for continuous atmospheric measurements of nitrogenous compounds) is an instrument which has been developed for the semi-continuous measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO). This instrument relies on wet chemical sampling and detection using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-visible absorption at 540 nm. Sampling proceeds by dissolution of gaseous HONO in a phosphate buffer solution followed by derivatization with sulfanilamide/N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The performance of this instrument was found to be as follows: a detection limit of around 3 ppt with measurement uncertainty of 10% over an analysis time of 10 min. Intercomparison was made between the instrument and a long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) during two experiments in different environments. First, air was sampled in a smog chamber with concentrations up to 18 ppb of nitrous acid. NitroMAC and LOPAP measurements showed very good agreement. Then, in a second experiment, ambient air with HONO concentrations below 250 ppt was sampled. While NitroMAC showed its capability of measuring HONO in moderate and highly polluted environments, the intercomparison results in ambient air highlighted that corrections must be made for minor interferences when low concentrations are measured.