山区县域土地利用生态友好性评价原理、方法及实践

实施生态友好型土地利用战略应当是"环境友好型社会"建设的基本内容和最佳切入点之一。在探讨山区土地利用生态友好性评价原理、指标体系和评价方法基础上,构建了山区土地利用生态友好性程度分级系统及定量的划分标准,以推进山区土地利用生态友好性评价的定性与定量相结合。以云南省为实例,以县级行政区为评价单元,对该省县域土地利用生态友好性程度进行了定量测算,评定了全省126个县的土地利用生态友好度等级。结果表明,云南省目前土地利用生态友好度(D_EF)平均值只有48.01,属"不友好"级。全省约2/3的县目前在土地利用生态友好性上表现为"不友好"和"很不友好"级,其中1/5以上的县份表现为"很不友好"。尤其以滇东北中山山原区生态友好性程度为最低,各县生态友好度(D_EF)值均低于40,均属"很不友好"级;滇东南喀斯特中低山区的生态友好性程度亦较低。     

基于GIS的营口港总体规划生态环境影响分析

规划环境影响评价是目前战略环境评价(SEA)研究中最活跃的领域.港口总体规划属于交通运输规划的范畴,涉及多种生态环境要素,对其实施后的生态环境效应进行分析和评价具有重要的现实意义.以营口港总体规划对大气和水环境影响及其对近海海域生态敏感区的影响为例,采用遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的技术,建立与评价相关的基于GIS的基础数据平台,运用GIS的空间分析功能对港区规划的生态环境影响进行分析和评估.实例研究表明,营口港规划实施将对陆域生态环境产生一定影响,对于海域生态敏感区的影响则较小.      

National laws and policies can enable or confound adaptive governance: Examples from South African national parks

There is growing appreciation that protected areas, like all social-ecological systems (SES), are inherently complex and face an unpredictable future under the influence of global environmental change. Adaptive management is the accepted approach for managing complex SES to ensure their resilience, but unless it is supported by a governance system that is itself adaptive it has little chance of success. Scholars have identified certain principles conducive to adaptive governance. Environmental legislation, an important component of the governance system, is often misaligned with these principles. In this paper we assess adaptive governance principles with regard to legislation governing South Africa’s national parks. This assessment indicates that, to enable adaptive governance and adaptive management, legislation should (1) be co-produced by policy-makers, policy implementers and users of protected area ecosystem services; (2) commit and empower management agencies to apply the principles of adaptive governance and adaptive management, particularly in the collaborative development of management plans; (3) commit agencies to review management plans and allow flexibility to adapt plans; (4) ensure that the temporal and spatial scales of the governance system match those of the SES being managed; (5) anticipate change and avoid assumptions of system stability and predictability; and (6) provide for flexible financing mechanisms, so that funds can be prioritised and timed to meet the unpredictable demands of complex systems.     

城市街口规划设计与城市空气环境的关系

 城市大气环境同时涉及到大气科学和城市规划理论.本文从建筑与生态环境协调的角度出发,通过对典型实测数据的分析,考虑建筑物与风的相互作用特点,论述了街口形式对街道污染物扩散效果的影响,并对街口的生态设计原则提出了建议.     

Options for the comparison of process design alternatives in the context of regional toxicological impacts

Process design alternatives can be compared in terms of effluents and energy consumption. Approaches can be used to account for differences in regional exposure and associated toxicological effect parameters. A significant number of approaches have been published in the literature to achieve these objectives. However, selection of a methodology is typically subjective and influenced by resource availability (knowledge and economic). Often criteria are not used to guide designers in their selection or to steer associated research activities. In this paper, the merits and applicability of five types of methodology are considered with the help of a hierarchical framework.     

WFD and hydrogeological setting plans: the example of the Tevere River Basin

In 2002, the Tevere River Basin Authority developed a hydrogeological setting plan (HSP) on hydrogeological risk from floods and landslides, which was taken into consideration during the first phase of the testing activity of the water framework directive (WFD), in order to compare the HSP objectives with the directive's objectives. With particular reference to the measures to reduce hydrogeological risk the contradictions and synergies of the two plans were highlighted. Therefore, it is fundamental to adopt an integrated planning approach at river basin scale and to develop appropriate methodologies that coordinate different plan objectives.     

国家科技发展规划与中国的资源科学

国家先后编制了七次科技发展规划,资源科学研究也从最初的自然资源综合考察发展成了一门综合性交叉学科。其中以《1956-1967年科学技术发展远景规划》和《1978-1985年全国科学技术发展规划纲要》,对资源科学的形成与发展影响最大。前者推动了中国自然资源综合考察事业的形成与发展,后者促进了中国资源科学考察事业的发展与壮大,进而推动了资源科学的形成与发展。全文在回顾与展望国家科技发展规划与中国资源科学发展的基础上,提出了新世纪初期国家中长期科学技术发展规划有关资源科学发展的3条建议。     

The eco-origins, actions and demonstration roles of Beijing Green Olympic Game

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基于生态文明的最严格环保制度的框架体系研究

“十八大”报告明确了生态文明建设的突出地位,提出了建立“最严格的环境保护制度”的目标。而当前的环境保护制度已无力应对资源、环境、生态问题。本文首先对生态文明建设实施途径进行解读;然后构建了以“环境规划一社会经济类规划一规划环评”为核心的“最严格环境保护制度”的框架,明确了各自功能定位,并提出了与社会经济类规划相适应的环境规划和规划环评的实施形式、工作内容。     

基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算

河流生态需水量计算是进行生态水权分配的一项基础性工作,是生态环境保护和水资源配置的依据.随着社会经济的发展,流域水资源短缺和生态环境问题日益突出.针对太子河下游河段水资源开发利用现状及存在的生态环境问题,在确定生态保护目标的基础上,采用月保证率法和生态水力学法计算下游河道不同等级生态需水量,既可以从各月角度反映河道生态需水是一个与自然径流相适应的过程,又注重水生生物的关键期和生境需求.通过Tennant法验证月保证率法和生态水力学法计算结果可靠,最终确定太子河下游河道最小、适宜和理想等级年生态需水量分别为:5.31×108m3、8.52×108m3和12.17×108m3,而且现状流量可以满足最小生态需水量的要求.     

盐城湿地与生态旅游

湿地与湿地生态旅游日益受到重视。盐城湿地是西太平洋亚洲大陆边缘最大的海岸型湿地 ,它具有科学价值 ,生态环境价值和审美价值。盐城湿地是祥和的众生园 ,丹顶鹤的天堂 ,麋麂的故乡 ,应作为盐城旅游的主打产品。本文对湿地生态旅游规划基本问题作了阐述。对规划的理念、主题形象 ,分区与隔离带 ,游客中心 ,游息区内“露天生态馆”风格 ,发展生态产业以及举办湿地生态旅游节 ,湿地丹顶鹤麋鹿文化节等提出建议和策划     

环境风险评估的技术本质

指明环境风险评估属于工程科学领域中的一门社会技术,从工程科学角度阐释了环境风险评估本质属性,即包括主体和客体、目的和标准、内容和方法以及应遵循的几项基本原则。研究表明,解析环境风险评估技术本质对于推动工程科学的社会技术研究具有学理与现实层面的示范作用。     

西北干旱区城市生态环境规划研究——以内蒙古巴彦浩特为例

生态环境规划与建设是干旱区城市实现区域与城市可持续发展的重要保证，本文以位于腾格里沙漠东部边缘的巴彦浩特为例进行干旱区城市生态环境规划研究。在对巴彦浩特生态环境现状分析的基础上，提出了生态环境保护的目标及原则。运用生态学原理，分析了巴彦浩特城市生态环境规划的主要内容及范围，并提出了实施巴彦浩特生态环境规划的措施及要求。     

面向实施的市级国土空间规划传导思路与技术方法

规划传导是保障国土空间规划实施的关键环节,从理念层面的治理转型、规则层面的事权匹配、空间层面的要素管理入手,对市级规划传导的技术思路与方法途径进行了研究。研究表明：空间规划具有的基础性、有限性和动态性等特征是规划传导的基础出发点,应建立起涵盖理念宽度、事权力度和要素精度的规划传导框架。在此基础上提出双向反馈、权责清单、刚弹结合、尺度容差、动态平衡等技术思路来分步推进规划传导,并以广州为例提出了规划传导实施层面的方法途径,为建立能用、管用、好用的规划传导政策规则和体制机制,为完善国土空间规划体系和推动规划有效实施提供研究支撑。     

Climate change adaptation and regional forest planning in southern Yukon,Canada

Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct, (2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.

A targeting approach for ecosystem protection

The Critical Ecosystems Team of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 5, has developed an approach to prioritize and target ecologically high-quality areas for enhanced environmental protection in the Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Using this approach, we intend to employ a pro-active strategy to protect the environment by protecting and restoring natural ecosystems rather than the traditional EPA approach of remediating and attempting to restore already degraded habitats. The approach consists of two components: (1) partnership and (2) criteria. For the partnership component, we collected, mapped, and summarized information on ecosystems considered critical to federal and state agencies, tribes and non-profit organizations. Multi-county areas with high numbers of ecosystems identified by a variety of partners were designated as ‘Ecologically Rich Regions’. These Ecologically Rich Regions highlight broad geographic areas where there are high levels of partner interest and, correspondingly, areas with high potential for forming collaborative partnerships for enhanced environmental protection. The second component, which relies on criteria, is still under development and defines critical ecosystems as having three important properties: (1) high ecological diversity, (2) potential for long-term sustainability and (3) presence of relict native ecosystems or communities. The information compiled under both components of this ecosystem targeting approach will inform ecological risk managers and assessors about important ecosystems that should be considered in risk management and assessment processes.     

Coyotes,deer, and wildflowers: diverse evidence points to a trophic cascade

Spatial gradients in human activity, coyote activity, deer activity, and deer herbivory provide an unusual type of evidence for a trophic cascade. Activity of coyotes, which eat young mule deer (fawns), decreased with proximity to a remote biological field station, indicating that these predators avoided an area of high human activity. In contrast, activity of adult female deer (does) and intensity of herbivory on palatable plant species both increased with proximity to the station and were positively correlated with each other. The gradient in deer activity was not explained by availabilities of preferred habitats or plant species because these did not vary with distance from the station. Does spent less time feeding when they encountered coyote urine next to a feed block, indicating that increased vigilance may contribute, along with avoidance of areas with coyotes, to lower herbivory away from the station. Judging from two palatable wildflower species whose seed crop and seedling recruitment were greatly reduced near the field station, the coyote–deer–wildflower trophic cascade has the potential to influence plant community composition. Our study illustrates the value of a case-history approach, in which different forms of ecological data about a single system are used to develop conceptual models of complex ecological phenomena. Such an iterative model-building process is a common, but underappreciated, way of understanding how ecological systems work.     

西部干旱生态脆弱区县域工业园区规划思路

县域工业园区随着近几年我国西部经济的高速发展,无论在基础设施、产业发展等方面都取得了较为明显的进步,初步具备了创建生态工业园区的基础条件。本文以新疆沙雅县生态工业园区建设为例,就规划思路、技术路线、规划目标、指导思想、基本原则和总体框架进行了系统研究,并对沙雅县生态工业园区建设蓝图进行了展望。     

河北省邯郸市地表水体景观规划浅析

现阶段城市水体的研究主要是河流的治理,而没有考虑城市水体整体的生态规划及水体生态的整体 性,根据景观规划的原则及邯郸市的现实情况,对邯郸市内的地表水体进行连接,统一管理规划,达到生态和美学统一的作用.     

生态影响评价范围探讨

生态影响评价范围就是生态评价的研究范围,在确定评价范围时,必须将所有潜在的胁迫因子和生态后果考虑在内,因此确定恰当的评价范围无疑是一项复杂而重要的工作。概括了确定生态评价范围的相关规定,探讨了确定生态评价范围的原则、步骤和要点,给出了十类生态项目评价范围的确定方法。文中还就导则在确定评价范围方面的规定提出了不同看法,并表达了一些个人建议,供生态评价人员参考。