谈工业企业环境保护几项措施

当前我国环境污染严重状况,主要是工业“三废”造成的,而且与能源的浪费密切相关。我们过去在治理工业“三废”时,只考虑“废”物的无害化处理,后来,又考虑改革生产工艺以压缩“三废”排放量,从“三废”中回收有用物料。近几年来,才从合理布局出发,进行全面考虑,由点的分别解决发展到面的综合治理,最近又重视了环境保护的科学管理问题。这说明,工业“三废”治理的发展过程是由消极处理到控制污染来源、回收利用、科学管理的过程。     

采用零排放新工艺处理蚀刻废液

广州市某化工厂开发出一套对线路板蚀刻废液进行大规模集中资源化处理的零排放处理新工艺,该工艺通过在固相条件下生成氧化铜并用重力分选的方法将其分离出来,克服了原有工艺的缺陷,使废液中所有的成分能够在较低的处理成本下全部分离回收,无三废排出,达到了清洁生产的要求.对其工艺条件进行深入研究,通过正交试验优化了工艺条件.     

钛白水解废酸治理工艺

提出了利用钛白粉生产排放的２０％Ｈ２ＳＯ４与废铁皮制备ＦｅＳＯ４这一新的钛白废酸治理原理和工艺，为国内Ｈ２ＳＯ４生产钛白粉生产治理废酸污染，提供了一条途径。     

废硫酸和废白泥制取二水石膏

利用废硫酸和废白泥制取二水石膏的技术于1988年12月24日在杭州通过鉴定。这项技术解决了钛白废酸和废白泥变废为宝的出路,所制取的石膏可作为水泥缓凝剂。杭州硫酸厂生产钛白粉过程中产生了4％浓度的废硫酸25000吨,与相邻的华丰造纸厂碱回收中所产     

工业废铝渣制备聚合硫酸铝及其絮凝性能研究

以一家金属材料厂生产过程中产生的废铝渣作为研究对象,通过对溶解条件和聚合工艺的优化,制备了聚合硫酸铝。将制备的聚合硫酸铝分别用于模拟浊度水及高色度高浓度有机工业废水的处理,实验结果表明,利用工业废渣所制得的聚合硫酸铝具有较好的除浊、脱色、去除COD效果。此工艺不仅可回收利用废铝渣,又可省去废渣处置费用,为废铝渣的综合利用提供了实用技术。     

环丙胺生产中工艺废气的治理

遂昌精细化工厂是一家生产环丙沙星药物中间体环丙腔的企业,年生产能力300t环丙胺,产品80％左右外销。在生产环丙胺过程中排放出二氧化硫、氯化氢和氨等大量工艺废气。该厂虽然采用碱性废水进行吸收处理,但由于废水pH值变化较大,二氧化硫和氨等废气治理效果不理想。笔者对环丙胺生产过程中产生的工艺废气排放情况、回收利用等问题进行研究,设计了一套环丙胺生产工艺废气的治理与利用方案。根据设计方案建成的治理设施已在选昌精细化工厂投入运行。实践证明,采用该治理方案能有效地解决环丙胺生产过程中工艺废气对周围环境的污染。1环…     

利用低品位硼矿治理硫酸尾气

提出利用低品位硼矿脱除硫酸生产中废气ＳＯ２，并使硼矿得到富集的新工艺。研究了硼矿脱硫的工艺条件。以贫治废，为硫酸生产的废气治理开辟了新的途径。     

垃圾渗滤液资源化处理及超临界水气化产氢研究进展

回顾了垃圾渗滤液(简称渗滤液)末端处理,利用渗滤液生产有机肥料、燃料,回收渗滤液中氨氮和腐殖酸,厌氧发酵制沼气,生物制氢气等渗滤液资源化利用技术的研究进展;提出了超临界水气化(SCWG)技术具有气化效率高、反应速度快、气体产物中氢含量高等特点,被广泛应用于生物质制氢的研究;指出了利用SCWG技术处理渗滤液不仅能对渗滤液进行有效治理,并且能回收反应产生的氢气资源,实现渗滤液污染治理和资源回收的有机结合。     

蔗渣碱法造纸制浆黑液资源化治理工业试验

通过工业性运行试验，验证“蔗渣碱法造纸制浆黑液资源化处理”项目工艺路线在工业过程中的可行性，工艺设备的可靠性，纸产品以及黑液处理回收产品的产量，质量及其工艺的稳定性；得出资源化回收产品产率，质量等工业实验数据，为项目产业化实施提供设计依据。     

废旧家用电器回收利用及处理处置技术

随着大量家用电器进入报废期,废旧家用电器的资源化回收利用成为一个新的环境问题。介绍了国内外废旧家电的回收利用状况、处理方法和工艺流程,重点介绍了废印刷线路板的处理工艺和废塑料的再生利用,并针对我国的实际问题提出了相应的措施和办法。     

甜菜碱对肝素钠废水好氧处理的影响

肝素钠废水因含高钠盐而导致其生物处理效率受到较大程度的抑制,对于如何改善高盐下的生物处理效率已成为目前研究的热点。针对SBR工艺处理高盐肝素钠生产废水的好氧生物处理过程,以污泥对有机物、氨氮的去除效率为要点,探讨了甜菜碱对活性污泥性能的影响效果。实验结果表明,(1)当稳定的好氧处理系统受到高钠盐冲击时,投加甜菜碱,TOC的去除率能提高9%~22%,氨氮的去除率能提高9%~16%;(2)当甜菜碱添加浓度为1 mmol/L(即117 mg/L)时,系统污泥性能的改善效果最好,TOC的去除率提高了15.3%,氨氮的去除率提高了18.7%;(3)甜菜碱的一次性添加对活性污泥性能的影响存在一定的持续性,持续时间约为6 d。     

Aerobic Treatment of a Nitrogen-Limited Chemical Process Waste water

Abstract

Nitrogen transformations and their effect on aerobic suspended growth treatment of an industrial wastewater were studied in three parallel bench-scale reactors operated at 5 "C at mean cell residence times (MCRT) of 15, 30, and 60 days. In normal process wastewater, the bulk of influent nitrogen was in organic form, and the fraction transformed was almost totally incorporated into synthesized biomass. Assimilative control by heterotrophs maintained ammonianitrogen levels below permitted effluent levels, and nitrification was not significant. Although volatile suspended solids had a nitrogen content of only 5% to 8%, effective organics removal was maintained, and total organic carbon and filtered daily average five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODS) were below permitted effluent levels. A marked improvement in settleability and lower effluent total suspended solids was achieved by adding ammonia-nitrogen to the wastewater in excess of stoichiometric growth requirements.

During a batch production cycle of a cationic chemical, the ratio of nitrogen to chemical oxygen demand and the fraction of the total influent nitrogen in soluble form increased in the wastewater. Reactor effluent ammonia levels increased to above permit levels at all three MCRTs during treatment of wastewater containing cationic production effluents. The magnitude of ammonia increase was greater for longer MCRTs, suggesting that synthesis of cell mass was not capable of assimilating the increased ammonia supply under these non-steady conditions. The experimental results suggest several potential strategies for operating the aerobic process at the treatment facility, including adding nitrogen to improve settleability and discontinuing these additions when wastewater contains a high ratio of nitrogen to chemical oxygen demand and an elevated soluble nitrogen fraction     

Ammonia removal from pretreated methane fermentation effluent through a soil trench system: a column experiment

In order to find the optimal running conditions and mechanisms of ammonia removal through a soil trench system that is designed for treating pretreated methane fermentation effluent, a soil column whose structure was similar to the soil trench system was prepared, and irrigated with wastewater below 30 °C. At the beginning, ammonia was mainly adsorbed by the soils, and the ammonia adsorption capacity of soils gradually saturated. After the 12th day, nitrification began in the soil column; the ammonia in the soil column decreased sharply, and the nitrite and nitrate peak appeared sequentially as the wastewater application rate decreased from 0.74 to 0.37 l h⁻¹. When the nitrification in the soil column reached a steady-state, 98% of all the ammonia in the influent was transformed into nitrate.

By changing the running conditions such as temperature, aeration, and wastewater application rate, it was found that the ammonia removal efficiency can be improved by aeration and impeded by low temperature. In these three variables, wastewater application rate has much greater affect on the ammonia removal efficiency; a lower wastewater application rate can increase the ammonia removal efficiency substantially because of the longer travel time.     

天津市某污水处理厂脱氮效率的评价

城市污水处理厂作为城市污水处理的重要承担者,其处理能力不足势必会对下游水体产生严重影响,也给水体的再生利用带来了难度,污水处理厂的去除效率变得尤为关注。以2014年3-12月天津市某污水处理厂氮的监测数据为基础,对其脱氮效率进行了评价。结果表明:污水处理厂脱氮效率偏低,总氮平均去除率为55.61%,且出水仅达到二级排放标准(GB 18918-2002),水厂进水C/N、水温对总氮的去除效率影响很大;水厂氨氮的平均去除率为87.40%,其去除率受进水NH4+-N浓度影响很大,水厂对高浓度的进水NH4+-N(大于70 mg/L)去除效率偏低,而进水NH4+-N小于60 mg/L时,出水NH4+-N基本能满足一级A排放标准(GB 18918-2002);水厂出水的亚硝态氮含量很高,其主要受溶解氧和C/N的影响;水厂对有机氮的去除效果不佳,需要采用深度处理技术。     

偶氮二异庚腈生产废水处理试验和工程调试

偶氮二异庚腈的生产过程中产生大量的废水,其有机物和氨氮含量高,生化性差.为解决其处理达标问题,采用氨氮吹脱-上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-A/O- NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化的组合工艺对其进行了试验研究.结果表明,该工艺对COD、氨氮的去除率分别达到99％、98％以上.并在此试验研究的基础上,投资建设了一个污水处理站,采用氨氮吹脱-UASB-A/O-二级好氧-NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化-气浮池的组合工艺,经过一年多的运行,出水水质稳定,对COD、氨氮的去除率分别为99％、98％以上,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.     

Feed-forward dose control of wastewater chlorination using on-line pH and ORP titration

In this study, a simple automatic pH-ORP titration device was developed for identifying the various ammonia concentrations and chlorine dose requirements for wastewater chlorination by identifying the peaks in the ORP-slope profiles and knees/valleys in the pH profiles. In addition, breakpoint chlorination experiments have shown that the ORP values at the monochloramine humps and breakpoints are linearly correlated with the ammonia concentrations. Therefore, a feed-forward control strategy, based on the chlorine/ammonia weight ratio (Cl/N), is proposed in this paper, to control the chlorine doses for a continuous wastewater chlorination experiment in a laboratory-scale reactor. The result of this continuous wastewater chlorination experiment has shown that the pH-ORP titration was able to precisely determine the variations of ammonia concentrations in the chlorination influent. Under this control strategy, effective and stable disinfection efficiencies in terms of total coliform count were obtained.     

氨氮浓度对马铃薯加工废水厌氧消化的影响

为考察氨氮浓度对中温厌氧消化处理马铃薯加工废水的影响,通过批式实验,探究该类废水厌氧消化处理的氨氮抑制阈值。结果表明：氨氮浓度为3 000 mg·L⁻¹ (TAN≈3 659 mg·L⁻¹)时,累积产甲烷量降低至276.1 mL·g⁻¹且出现产甲烷迟滞期;氨氮浓度为4 000 mg·L⁻¹ (TAN≈4 468 mg·L⁻¹)时,累积产甲烷量仅为对照组的39.2%,迟滞期明显延长了7.2 d;高浓度氨氮抑制造成了以丙酸为主的VFAs积累和有机物(蛋白质等)降解不完全,这是COD去除率下降的主要原因;VFAs作为氨氮抑制发生时COD的主要组分,其积累可作为马铃薯加工废水厌氧消化过程发生氨氮抑制的指示因子;马铃薯加工废水中温厌氧消化的氨氮阈值约为3 000 mg·L⁻¹。该结果可为马铃薯加工废水的高效处理与资源化利用提供参考。     

硝化生物活性填料对市政污水的直接硝化

为开发更多的硝化填料应用形式,并为填料的实际应用提供参数借鉴,用人工配水条件下活性恢复的硝化生物活性填料直接处理市政污水,研究了填料填充方式、填充比例以及DO浓度等因素对填料氨氧化速率与装置中COD浓度的影响。结果表明,采用填料分散的填充方式,在填充率为12%、DO浓度为4~5 mg·L-1条件下,填料的最大氨氧化速率为30.2 mg·(L·h)-1,高于传统的活性污泥法。填充率与氨氧化速率整体上呈正相关的关系,在一定程度上可通过提高填充率进一步提高填料氨氧化速率。通过填料冲洗,可阻止装置中异养菌生长,利于市政污水中COD的存留。利用硝化填料对市政污水进行直接硝化的填料应用形式,可实现在保持较优氨氧化速率的前提下为后续反硝化存留碳源,减少水处理流程中的污泥产量,具有一定可行性。     

膜吸收法处理高氨氮废水的研究

对影响膜吸收过程的几个因素进行了正交实验和其他相关实验 ,结果表明 ,在一般情况下 ,废水中的pH为显著影响因素 ,而温度、废水流速和废水中氨氮浓度都不是显著影响因素 ;吸收液 (H2 SO4 )浓度在 0 .5mol/L以上时 ,传质系数K值变化很小。     

改良型AB生化法在味精废水处理中的应用

AB生化法是城市污水和多种工业废水处理最佳的新型实用技术之一。文章以AB生化法和离交废水苛化脱氨制硫酸铵相结合的工艺处理味精废水的工程实例，阐明改良型AB生化法的原理和设计中应注意的问题。