河流突发水污染事件峰值模拟及预警研究

为了最大程度地降低突发水污染事件带来的损失,采用MIKE11水动力—水质耦合模型,对太子河流域本溪段突发水污染事件进行模拟。模型验证的结果表明,构建的水动力—水质耦合模型满足精度要求。模拟4种情景的含挥发酚废水超标排放,结果表明：在相同条件下,污染物峰值浓度与排放强度、瞬时排放量呈正相关;排放地点距离监测断面越近,污染物峰值浓度越高;排放强度不会影响污染物到达监测断面及峰值浓度的时间。不同挥发酚超标排放的模拟结果可以为相关河流突发水污染事件提供预测预警,还可以为应急处置提供参考。     

基于MIKE11的航电枢纽建设工程水质模拟

为分析沱江干流自贡段航电枢纽建设前后对河道水质的影响,针对沱江干流污染现状,以沱江干流主要污染物COD、氨氮、TP为指标,应用MIKE 11模型建立能客观反映模拟河段水动力、水质时空演变规律的模型,分析了银蛇溪枢纽建库前后对沱江干流水质的影响。模拟结果表明:在污染负荷不增加的情况下,李家湾、黄葛浩、银蛇溪断面在建库后枯水年枯水月COD预测浓度月均值有所超标;枯水年NH3-N预测浓度较建库前增加率最高,平水年次之,丰水年最低;枢纽建设后,各断面TP浓度进一步升高。本研究以沱江自贡段航道建设工程为例,分析不同典型年下航电枢纽建设前后水质情况,研究结果可为沱江干流航电枢纽建设项目水质影响预测提供科学依据。     

阳澄湖:发展与环保的终极较量

秋风送爽,蟹肥菊黄。目前正是阳澄湖的收获季节,全国各地甚至是国外的朋友都纷纷赶至阳澄湖,来这里不仅欣赏湖光水色,最重要的是慕名前来品尝这里的大闸蟹。如今的阳澄湖水美蟹肥,而几年前的阳澄湖却并非如此,昆山市政府和巴城镇人民政府双管齐下,出重拳对阳澄湖进行了综合整治,阳澄湖才得以出现这种人水和谐的新局面。     

酒精废水消化液预处理试验研究

高浓度酒精糟液经厌氧生物处理后排出的消化液COD浓度为4500—6000mg/L，SS浓度高这1500—2．600mg,／L，且由于微小沼气泡附着在厌氧污泥上，沉降性能很差，难以与消化液相分离，对后续处理十分不剁。本研兜采用预曝气．化学混凝沉淀组合工艺，对该消化液进行去除高浓度SS的顸处理试验，研究探讨了曝气时间、混凝剂种类和投加量对SS和COD去除效果的影响。试验结果表明，预曝气．化学混凝沉淀组合工艺对消化液SS的去除效果十分显著。当预曝气时间为6．0h，FeCl3投加量为100mg/L时，消化液的SS去除率75．4％，COD去除率24．3％，可为后续的好氧生物处理提供较为有利的水质和负荷条件。     

上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用校园水体底泥进行上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥释放量之间的关系研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下,上覆水水质影响底泥氮、磷的释放,尤其显著影响氮、磷的初期释放;上覆水氮、磷的浓度越小,底泥氮、磷的释放量越大;上覆水氮、磷的浓度超过一定值,会抑制底泥氮、磷的释放。     

中、小型制革企业生产废水处理设计及运行结果

介绍了根据制革工业废水污染物浓度高，水质水量多变的特点。从企业的实际出发，采用微电解——二级斜管沉淀工艺路线处理制革生产废水。工程运行表明：4r进水CODCr、BOD5、SS平均浓度分别为1973mg／L、787mg／L、1049mg／L的情况下，排水中CODCr、BOD5和SS平均浓度分别为206mg／L、89mg／L和102mg／L，处理后的水质达到了《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）中的二级标准。该工程具有投资少，运行费用低，处理效果好，启动速度快的特点，并受气温影响小。因此，特别适合北方寒冷地区的中、小型制革企业的废水治理。     

水系连通改善入海闸控河流水质效果评估——以练江流域为例

为科学评估水系连通与闸站调度对平原河网水质的改善效果，以典型重污染区域练江流域为例，构建练江水系一维河网水动力-水质耦合数学模型，模拟不同水系连通、闸站调度方式对练江水质的影响，采用NH₃-N浓度变化定量评估水系连通、闸站调度对练江流域水环境质量的改善效果。结果表明：增加引水天数可显著改善练江水系水质，且随着引水时长的增加，NH₃-N浓度改善率先下降后提高最终趋于稳定；多水源联合引水与闸站调度相结合对练江水质改善起到了一定的促进作用。可为改善练江流域水质状况及水环境长效管理与科学决策提供理论依据，同时也为我国平原河网闸控河流水系连通与闸站调度提供重要参考。     

基于水质响应系数的浅水湖泊水环境容量计算方法

根据湖泊污染物迁移转化机理、质量守恒原理,提出浅水湖泊污染物浓度场稳定判别方法。根据湖泊浓度场稳定后水质控制点污染物浓度与各入湖河道污染物通量的响应关系,构建多入湖河流水质响应系数矩阵,并采用线性规划法求解浅水湖泊各入湖河道水环境容量。与常规方法相比,该方法充分考虑了多入湖河流入湖污染物通量的叠加影响,提高了湖泊水环境容量的计算精度。     

高含盐采出水冷冻脱盐技术研究

由于高含盐采出水中氯离子浓度和矿化度很高,为了实现油田高含盐采出水的回注,除了降低石油类、COD和SS的含量外,还要去除其中大量的无机盐类。文章研究了对某油田高含盐采出水采用冷冻脱盐技术的处理效果,通过对模拟水和实际采出水进行脱盐实验,对影响冷冻速率的因素,冷冻脱盐效率和重力脱盐效率进行了研究。冷冻脱盐法直接脱盐率为50%以上,通过进一步静置,最终的脱盐率可达到60%以上。较高的初始温度、缩短水从液态冷冻到固态的时间、延长重力脱盐时间,能获得更好的脱盐效果。     

初级再生水对循环水处理药剂的影响

初级再生水回用过程中所要解决的两个难题是腐蚀和微生物的控制。通过对锦西石化分公司初级再生水对各循环水场现用药剂的缓蚀阻垢效果及杀菌效果进行了实验室综合评价,考察缓蚀阻垢性能、杀菌性能及药剂加药量的影响,并根据水质情况及药剂评价结果提出了初级再生水的最佳pH值及COD值范围,并根据水场及水质情况选出最优药剂,为合理加药剂提供依据。     

新沟河排水对太湖水环境影响研究

太湖西北部尤其是梅梁湖水质较差,新沟河延伸拓浚工程实施后,可通过外排梅梁湖水改变太湖的水动力水质环境.利用Mike21建立太湖二维水动力水质数学模型,研究该工程实施后对太湖水动力水质的影响.研究得到:新沟河工程实施后,可有效改善梅梁湖的水动力条件,梅梁湖换水周期缩短13.3％;同时,梅梁湖CODMn、 TP、TN等主要...     

浙江油田管5井区块注水处理研究

浙江油田管5井区块属于低渗透区块,油田开发过程中产出水悬浮物(SS)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)等指标严重超标。未经处理的油田污水如果直接注入到地层中,注入水中的悬浮颗粒会伤害油层的渗透率,导致注水井的吸水能力降低和油井产能下降,从而影响开发效果。因而,对其油田产出水采用内压式中空纤维超滤工艺处理。文章介绍了注水处理工艺及流程,结果表明:超滤工艺出水水质:SS为0.25mg/L,SRB菌数为0,铁细菌数为17个/mL,腐生菌数0,相关水质指标符合《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)的要求。     

Longitudinal‐Vertical Hydrodynamic and Turbidity Simulations for Prediction of Dam Reconstruction Effects in Asian Monsoon Area1

Abstract: This research investigates possible impacts of enlarged water body according to dam reconstruction on the hydrodynamics and water quality of the reservoir using a laterally averaged, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and transport model, CE‐QUAL‐W2. The lake was formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply and is currently under consideration of reconstruction so as to expand the volume of reservoir for flood control as well as water supply in downstream areas. To calibrate and validate the model, field‐collected data were compared with model predictions for water level fluctuations and water temperature during the years of 2001 (from January to December) and 2003 (from March to November). The model results showed a good agreement with field measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the model, impacts of dam reconstruction on the thermal hydrodynamics and turbid current were predicted. From the model results, dam reconstruction limited the depth of thermal stratification below 10 meter and formed steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion. The restricted thermal stratification persisted up to the end of September. This result indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. In addition, the restricted thermal stratification caused vertical circulation of water mixing lower than 10 meter and isolated the upper water layer from the lower water layer which increased the volume of hypolimnetic water with low temperature. The vertical circulation near the surface also mitigated propagation of density plume within the depth of 10 m which would remain the hypolimnetic water clean.     

稠油污水中悬浮物特性研究

对稠油污水回用工艺中各处理单元出水中的悬浮物(SS)沉降性能及组成、悬浮颗粒粒径分布及其质量、悬浮物含量与COD值的关系等进行了研究。结果表明:不同处理单元出水中悬浮物特性差别较大。粒径大于50μm悬浮物含量较高,其次为0.45～4μm悬浮颗粒的含量;沉降罐出水和浮选出水中悬浮物对COD影响较大,过滤单元出水中悬浮物对COD几乎没有影响,主要为无机物,并含有一定量的酸溶性物质。     

Evaluation of Lake Modification Alternatives for Lake Sihwa, Korea

After the construction of an embankment at the Bay of Sihwa in Korea, a lake of 56.5 km² surface area and 330 million m³ volume was created. Because of rapid socioenvironmental changes and the lowering of water quality in Lake Sihwa, various external measures have been proposed and some of them are being implemented. In this paper, we examine two alternatives for in-lake modification: one alternative is zoning of the lake by constructing two submerged dams and the other is channeling of the lake through reclamation. Water quality modeling was conducted for both alternatives to assess their effects. Results of the modeling revealed that the reduction of the lake size through two different approaches, when accompanied with other external measures, would improve the water quality, but to different degrees. The zonation is expected to improve the freshwater quality up to the level supplying 45 million m³ of water per year for agricultural use. The quality of channeled water would be inappropriate for agricultural use, but suitable for outdoor activities such as recreation or fishing regardless of reclamation plans considered.     

南京市地表水环境质量评估

本文依据灰色系统理论,采用灰色定权聚类方法,根据国家环境质量标准,对南京市近三年地表水的质量进行评估。研究的水域主要是长江南京段、秦淮河和玄武湖,评价的指标包含高锰酸盐、生化需氧量、氨氮、石油类、总磷以及总氮浓度等,并对评价结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,由于近年来政府治理污水的资金投入加大,措施得力,南京市地表水质量呈稳中趋好的态势,治理效果显著。     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON BASIN WATER YIELD AND RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION1

ABSTRACT: The dam impounding White Rock Lake was completed in 1910 to provide water for the City of Dallas. Since then, land use on the watershed has changed from entirely rural to over 77 percent urban. A model called SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) was utilized to determine the effect of urbanization on water and sediment entering the lake. The simulation results show that, if urbanization had not occurred, then the annual surface runoff would be 135 mm rather than 151 mm and the annual sediment yield would be 4.4 t/ha rather than 4.1 t/ha. Also, the effect of urbanization on delivery ratios was shown and a positive linear correlation was found. Finally, the weather generator in SWRRB was utilized to estimate the loss of reservoir capacity until 2050 for three different land use management scenarios.     

基于Alos的遥感技术在江苏省太湖流域一级保护区水环境综合整治中的应用

江苏省太湖流域一级保护区综合整治是治理太湖的重点工作,直接关系太湖湖体水环境质量。本文通过遥感技术对江苏省太湖流域一级保护区土地利用类型进行了解析,将一级保护区土地分解为15种利用类型,结果表明:一级保护区建设用地总面积为235.1km2,土地开发强度为17.2%。高强度的土地开发是造成太湖及主要入湖河流污染的首要原因,故整治太湖流域一级保护区首要任务是严格控制建设用地规模,降低污染物排放负荷。     

A two-dimensional water-quality model for a winding and topographically complicated river

In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical calculation algorithm for water-quality modeling is presented. The algorithm is designed specifically for river systems with complicated geometric conditions. When velocity field data of the river are not available, the numerical calculation algorithm for the water-quality modeling can be used to project river-water quality by using a topographic map of the river course and a finite element method. The calculation results of the water-quality model can show the concentration fields of various pollutants. The water-quality model was applied to a case-study in the Hengyang City section of Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province, China. The river under consideration is winding and has an isle between two branches. In 1995, Chinese government secured a World Bank loan to conduct a Waterways Project in the study region. It was expected that construction works in the river section might affect water quality. Given that the project would change the hydrological regime of the river system and discharges, and so would affect water quality, there would be a need for model results that would predict the water-quality impacts of the Waterways Project. In particular, the study intended to apply the model to identify changes in river-water quality associated with the construction of Dayuandu navigation key project. It is hoped that the numerical calculation algorithm for the water-quality modeling presented in this paper can also be applied to other shallow rivers with similar topographical conditions.     

南四湖湿地建设的综合效益

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程的主要输水干线和调蓄水库,目前人工湿地建设已初见成效。从环境效益、生态效益、社会效益、经济效益、科研效益等方面分析了南四湖人工湿地在改善南四湖流域生态环境、稳定南水北调调水水质方面发挥的重要作用。