纳米铁系双金属-微生物体系去除地下水NO-3-N研究

采用不同液相还原法制备纳米Fe0、Fe/Ni和Fe/Cu粒子,将其与反硝化细菌混合应用于地下水NO3--N去除研究。考察3种体系对NO3--N去除速率的影响,并对其脱氮产物及RNA水平上纳米铁系双金属对反硝化细菌的毒性效应进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,9 d内纳米Fe0体系可完全将NO3--N去除,过程中伴随NO2--N先升高后降低的生成趋势,NH 4+-N生成52%;纳米Fe/Ni体系脱氮速率最快,6 d内可将NO 3--N完全去除,几乎未检测到NO 2--N的生成,而NH 4+-N的转化率高达69%;纳米Fe/Cu体系7 d内可将NO3--N去除完全,NH4+-N的生成率降低,仅39%,但是出现33%NO2--N积累。从反应前后反硝化细菌总RNA浓度变化看,3种纳米粒子对反硝化细菌的毒性大小为纳米Fe/Ni﹥纳米Fe/Cu﹥纳米Fe0。     

基于好氧反硝化反应器的海水脱氮性能及动力学特征

以去除海水循环水养殖系统中硝酸盐(NO3--N)为目的,通过接种好氧反硝化细菌的方式构建海水好氧反硝化反应器,对其反硝化脱氮性能和动力学特征展开研究。研究结果显示,好氧反硝化反应器完成挂膜需要15 d。在有氧条件下,反应器对NO3--N浓度为30~150 mg·L-1海水具有良好的反硝化性能,NO3--N的去除率达到90%以上。批次实验结果显示：好氧反硝化过程呈现阶段性,NO3--N在整个过程中可被高效去除;NO2--N积累最大值随初始NO3--N浓度的增大而增大,且初始NO3--N浓度越高,NO2--N完全去除所需时间越长。采用Monod方程的微分方程模型,能够很好地拟合反硝化过程中NO3--N、NO2--N的变化趋势。该好氧反硝化反应器具有良好的脱氮性能,为解决循环水养殖系统NO3--N积累问题提供了新的思路。     

火山石生物滤床对微囊藻毒素的去除

微囊藻水华爆发导致大量微囊藻毒素释放至地表水环境中,严重威胁着饮用水供水安全.通过不同条件火山石自然曝气生物滤床(活性挂膜、灭活挂膜、未挂膜和无填料滤床)对不同形态、构型(MC-LR、MC-RR)的微囊藻毒素的去除实验,探讨其去除效率、途径和机理.结果表明,火山石自然曝气生物滤床对微囊藻毒素的去除是微生物降解和基质吸附共同作用的结果.胞外毒素和胞内毒素的总去除率分别为58%和91%.其中,胞外毒素主要通过微生物降解作用途径去除,占胞外毒素总去除率的(41±4.2)%,胞内毒素则主要通过基质吸附途径去除,占胞内毒素总去除率的(64±5.1)%.生物膜吸附、光降解等其他途径无明显作用.另外,不同构型的微囊藻毒素在火山石自然曝气生物滤床中均能有效去除,MC-LR和MC-RR的去除率分别为68%和54%.     

不同浓度Mn2+对铜绿微囊藻的生长及其生物可利用性的影响

利用MA培养液进行藻类增长潜力(AGP)试验,考察了不同浓度Mn2 对铜绿微囊藻生长及其生物可利用性的影响.结果表明,Mn2 为0 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻生长受到很大抑制,叶绿素a含量较低;Mn2 为0.7～6.0 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻生长较快,叶绿素a含量都较高,并且相互差异不明显;Mn2 为12.0 mg/L时,可能对铜绿微囊藻生长产生了毒性,生长受到抑制,且叶绿素a含量较低;Mn2 在藻类正常生长所需浓度范围内,其生物可利用性与溶液中Mn2 浓度呈正相关.     

微囊藻毒素的产生及其影响因子

介绍了光照、温度、营养元素、pH值等环境因子对微囊藻的生长及其毒素生成的影响.一定强度的光照促进毒素的合成,微囊藻生长在较低的温度或营养元素受限制时,生长速率下降,但毒素产率较高.微囊藻毒素的含量在藻的指数生长后期与稳定期达最大值,毒素产率则在指数生长初期达最大.不同环境因子可能通过不同途径影响毒素的产生,需进一步研究藻毒素的功能及合成途径.     

原位臭氧氧化对活性污泥系统硝化和反硝化作用的影响研究

将厌氧序批式间歇反应器(ASBR)和序批式间歇反应器(SBR)串联组成污泥减量新工艺,着重探讨了对SBR段进行原位臭氧投加时,臭氧氧化作用对系统硝化和反硝化能力的影响,并以不投加作为对照。结果表明,将臭氧原位投加到ASBR—SBR组合工艺的SBR段,臭氧投加量为0.027g(以每克MLSS计),每隔3个周期再次投加、连续运行40d,试验组SBR段臭氧投加当期出水COD去除率为86%,比对照组下降了9百分点,但臭氧氧化细胞内大量有机物进入混合液中,为反硝化作用提供了外加碳源,对污泥反硝化能力的提高起到了一定的促进作用;试验组部分硝化细菌由于臭氧的强氧化作用而失去活性,但是随着剩余污泥量的减少,系统的污泥龄延长,有利于硝化细菌的生长,使得系统的硝化能力基本未受影响;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水NO2--N平均浓度比对照组的高18.9%,但经过3个周期的运行后,其SBR段出水NO2--N平均质量浓度降低至7.57mg/L,基本与对照组持平;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水NO3--N的平均浓度高于对照组,但经过3个周期的运行后,试验组出水NO3--N平均浓度低于对照组;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水TN和对照组的出水TN平均去除率分别为65%和75%,但试验组再经过3个周期的运行后,出水TN平均去除率可以达到72%。可见,原位投加臭氧并未对SBR段的硝化和反硝化能力产生明显的影响。     

一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从处理高盐废水的生物接触氧化工艺成熟活性污泥中分离得到一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌F10. 根据形态学特征、生理生化以及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析, 初步判定该菌株为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.). 菌株能在盐度为3%~7%的培养基中良好的生长及脱氮, 最适盐度为3%(以NaCl计), 最适碳源为乙酸钠, 最适pH为7~8, 最适温度为30℃. 该菌株能利用NO3--N进行反硝化作用, 在盐度为3%的反硝化培养基中24 h内对NO3--N的去除率达到92.6%, 36 h基本完全去除。该菌株在3%盐度下表现出良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性能, 初始硝态氮浓度在270 mg/L时, 菌株的脱氮率可达90%以上, 氨氮的去除率可达75%以上, 脱氮过程中无NO2--N积累, 可实现同步硝化反硝化, 具有一定的工程应用价值。     

用于地表水反硝化的纤维素碳源选择研究

为了选取合适的天然有机物作为反硝化细菌碳源用于解决地表水中NO3--N污染问题,以江南大学校内湖水为接种物,选取8种天然纤维素碳源在缺氧状态不同的处理方式下对60 mg/L NO3--N的降解特性进行研究。结果表明,以碱处理作为预处理可明显提高反硝化速率,碳源脱氮率均在96%以上（树皮除外）。2种处理方式中均有NO2--N累积,部分碳源释放NH4＋-N并发生DNRA反应,树叶在2种处理中脱氮效果均较好。结合各碳源脱氮率、耗碳源量以及处理成本,选取基本处理的香樟叶作为最佳纤维素碳源。     

水产品加工废水氨氮去除异常的分析研究

针对水产品加工废水处理工程运行过程中出水氨氮过高的问题.通过实验分析研究了该处理工程的硝化反硝化程度.实验结果显示,该处理丁=程的硝化反硝化程度过低(对TN的去除率仅为22.7%),硝化细荫和反硝化细菌含量较少,且活性较差.经分析其主要原因为进水水质、水量突变,而硝化细菌和反硝化细菌抗冲击能力较差,造成系统中硝化细菌和反硝化细菌含量减少,影响出水水质.     

生物脱氮好氧阶段不同反应过程N2O产量

在成功实现生活污水短程生物脱氮的基础上,采用体积为3 L的小试反应器,利用在线DO监测手段控制DO=1.0 mg·L-1,通过投加NaNO2的方式控制系统初始NO2--N=40 mg·L-1,以丙烯基硫脲（ATU）抑制NH4+-N的氧化过程,考察了生物脱氮好氧阶段不同反应过程中N2O的产生量。结果表明,除缺氧反硝化细菌的反硝化过程外,好氧条件下,氨氧化菌（AOB）能够以NH4+-N作为电子供体,NO2--N作为电子受体,进行反硝化脱氮过程,其反硝化产物为N2O。生物脱氮好氧阶段AOB的好氧反硝化和异养菌的缺氧反硝化反应中,N2O的产量分别占分别占进水总氮（NH4+-N+NO2--N）的7.23%和7.80%。好氧阶段NH4+-N和NO2-的氧化过程中,几乎没有N2O的产生。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.