某排污扩散器水力特性的实验研究

对某实际排污工程多喷头扩散器的水力特性进行了系统的实验研究。内容包括：在不同污水排放是、环境流速和潮位情况下，扩散器各喷头的流量分配，喷口流速分布；扩散器管路的冲洗，水流阻力特性等；以及扩散器近区稀释特性分析，结论对实际排污系统设计有一定的参考价值。     

海洋排污工程污水场初始稀释预测

本文研究了海洋排污工程污水场初始稀释预测问题。论述了在各种海洋环境条件下,确定污水场的初始稀释度、厚度以及潜没深度等特性的方法。针对大连市马栏河海洋排污工程,选择典型的计算参数和情况组合,进行污水场的初始稀释预测。预测结果表明,在夏季,由于密度分层,将形成潜没污水场,但初始稀释度降低。在其它季节,污水场浮于水面,但初始稀释度增高。初始稀释度的最小值总是发生在静水且密度分层条件下,而最大值总是发生在流速最大且密度均匀条件下。     

同流环境多圆孔热废水排放数值模拟

各种热电、核电厂排出的热污(废)水在直接进入环境流体之前,以多孔口浮射流的形式释放污水并确保污水在排污口快速混合非常重要。精确的了解和预测多孔浮射流的特性与混合状况有很重要的意义。针对同向流动环境中多圆形孔口热水排放的情况,采用雷诺应力模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同流速比和不同射流温度下的流场和温度场、浮射流的轨迹线、轴线上温度和速度的衰减规律,并且分析了不同孔间距、流速比和射流温度对流场中流速和温度的影响。     

同向流动环境多圆孔热废水排放近区稀释扩散特性数值模拟

各种热电、核电厂排出的热污(废)水在直接进入环境流体之前,以多孔口浮射流的形式释放污水,并确保污水在排污口快速混合非常重要.精确地了解和预测多孔浮射流的特性与混合状况有很重要的意义.针对同向流动环境中多圆形孔口热水排放的情况,采用雷诺应力模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同流速比和不同射流温度下的流场和温度场、浮射流的轨迹线、轴线上温度和速度的衰减规律,并且分析了不同相对孔间距、流速比和射流温度对流场中流速和温度的影响.     

等截面扩散器上升管流量不均匀分配研究

阐述了上海市污水治理二期工程白龙港排放口水域的特殊条件,通过局部和整体模型试验,研究三通、喷头局部参数等对喷头阻力系数的影响。试验结果表明,控制三通及各上升管的局部阻力系数,可以实现上升管流量不均匀分配。     

污水排海扩散器的数值模拟与模型试验

在污水排海工程的设计工作中,采用数值模拟与模型试验相结合的方法是一种有效的设计手段。本文结合某污水排海整治工程,首先采用HydroInfo-1D管网模型对该工程排污扩散器进行数值模拟,得到相应各喷口的流量、流速和弗劳德数,然后设计水工模型试验对数值模拟结果进行验证。模拟结果显示,两种排放流量工况下该扩散器各喷口出流均具有很好的均匀性,且弗劳德数均大于1,满足设计规范的要求。此外,通过将实验结果与计算结果对比,发现两种工况下流量的计算值与实验值的最大误差分别为2.18%和2.42%,流速的最大误差分别为2.19%和2.43%,说明该模型的计算结果具有较高的精度。研究结果表明:该模型可以准确的对污水排海扩散器进行模拟,且管道的设计结构参数满足实际运行要求。     

含油污水海洋处置的混合区范围界定探讨

本文建立深度平均二维对流扩散模型进行含油污水排海的浓度场数值模拟,根据各时刻的最高瞬时浓度,得出了远区混合区的范围.利用验证良好的水动力模型的计算结果,Cormix模型选择最小的潮流流速,计算了近区混合区范围,并在计算机控制的潮汐流动水槽中进行了系统的排污试验,计算结果与试验值符合性良好.结合远区和近区模型的模拟结果,最终确定了混合区的位置、范围,为含油污水排海工程的混合区范围确定提供了一种较为高效、实用的解决途径.     

上海市污水二期干线排水风险评估及安全保障

上海市污水二期干线是上海市一条重要的排污干线,其安全运行对保障市区的排水安全具有重要的意义。通过建立污水二期干线管网系统的数学水力集成模型,对污水二期干线的水力状态进行模拟,预测在超强暴雨条件下污水二期干线的排水风险,提出污水二期干线的排水安全保障方案,为上海市区的防洪保安奠定基础。     

河道污水的现场净化实验

在日本,因有各种排污法规制度的执行,河流污染速度是比较缓慢的,但河流环境污染状况仍很严重。目前,对于河流污水的净化已进行大量的实验和调查研究;但在河道上直接对污水进行净化。还要克服不少河流所具有的特殊的困难条件,这方面现在仅有二、三个实例。     

土壤处理前后污水生物效应的研究

为了解土壤对天津西郊南排污河,侯台灌区污水净化能力,我们于1984年进行了研究。次年进行了土壤处理前后污水对浮游生物毒性效应的比较观察,现将试验结果报告如下。 一、试验方法 土柱模拟装置与污水处理:模拟土柱为1m高、直径8.5cm的玻璃柱(图1),每隔20cm有一出水口,接胶皮管、用霍夫曼夹控制流速、每分钟20滴。     

Locating groundwater monitoring wells near cutoff walls

This paper presents a modeling study of two five-well monitoring networks designed for a rectangular landfill oriented oblique to regional groundwater flow. Respectively, a ‘linear’ and ‘non-linear’ network ignored and considered the hydraulic head field induced by a cutoff wall at the landfill's up-gradient boundary. All wells were located the same distance (measured parallel to groundwater flow) from the down-gradient boundary of the landfill, and there was an equal spacing (measured perpendicular to groundwater flow) between wells in each network. A simulation model was used to compute the detection efficiency of each monitoring network. In the non-linear network, wells clustered near the down-gradient corner of the landfill registered a 100% detection efficiency. This strategy was effective because the cutoff wall induced convergent groundwater flow beneath the landfill. Inter-well spacing was too high, and consequently detection efficiency was lower in the linear network. Two outer wells in that network detected no contaminant plumes. This study suggests that distorted hydraulic head fields induced by partial cutoff walls should be considered when designing detection monitoring networks at landfills.     

Small queens and big-headed workers in a monomorphic ponerine ant

Evolution of caste is a central issue in the biology of social insects. Comparative studies on their morphology so far suggest the following three patterns: (1) a positive correlation between queen–worker size dimorphism and the divergence in reproductive ability between castes, (2) a negative correlation among workers between morphological diversity and reproductive ability, and (3) a positive correlation between queen–worker body shape difference and the diversity in worker morphology. We conducted morphological comparisons between castes in Pachycondyla luteipes, workers of which are monomorphic and lack their reproductive ability. Although the size distribution broadly overlapped, mean head width, head length, and scape length were significantly different between queens and workers. Conversely, in eye length, petiole width, and Weber’s length, the size differences were reversed. The allometries (head length/head width, scape length/head width, and Weber’s length/head width) were also significantly different between queens and workers. Morphological examinations showed that the body shape was different between queens and workers, and the head part of workers was disproportionately larger than that of queens. This pattern of queen–worker dimorphism is novel in ants with monomorphic workers and a clear exception to the last pattern. This study suggests that it is possible that the loss of individual-level selection, the lack of reproductive ability, influences morphological modification in ants.     

新疆盘羊种群结构与资源现状

１９９０～１９９４年，结合国际狩猎场规划，对新疆６个代表区域盘羊Ｏｖｉｓａｍｍｏｎ种群作了专题研究。涉及盘羊准噶尔亚种Ｏ．ａ．ｓｅｉｒｅｓｉｓ、南天山亚种Ｏ．ａ．ｋａｒｅｌｉｎｉ和阿尔金山亚种Ｏ．ａ．ｄａｌａｉ ｌａｍｏｅ。调查面积８３４６ｋm₂，约占新疆盘羊分布总面积的１１．１％。共统计到８６６只个体。集群类型中，母子群占总群数３１．９％，混合群占２１．７％，雄性群占４６．４％。根据不同区域统计７５群计算，平均每群８．８９（３．９５～１１．６）头，其中１～１０头群占７３．３％；１１～２０头群占１７．３％；２１～３０头群占２．７％；３１～４０头群占４％；４１～５０头群占２．７％。集群规模与栖息密度呈正相关。不同区域性比组成差异显著，雄雌比从１∶０．５４～１∶３．５４不等，平均为１∶１．７８。栖息密度以若羌阿尔金山最高，达１．６７±０３３头／ｋm₂，其次为玛依力山、艾尔宾山等，推算考察区共有盘羊３８３２～６３５４头。     

固体发动机药柱应力应变仿真与试验验证研究

目的研究某导弹固体发动机药柱在不同环境温度下的性能演变规律。方法利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,仿真计算了药柱在-40,20,50℃下的应力应变情况,在此基础上通过推进剂拉伸应力松弛试验对仿真结果进行验证分析。结果最大应力应变发生在头部人工脱粘层的根部,药柱内部沿径向越靠近内孔表面,应力应变的数值越大,沿药柱的轴向,内孔表面的最大应力应变发生在靠近药柱中间位置。结论线粘弹性本构关系模型在较低应变水平下可以很好地模拟出推进剂的力学行为,当应变水平在14.3%以下时,试验和仿真的相对误差能控制在10%以内。     

春季太湖光量子产额空间分布的特征分析

基于2009年4月28日、5月4日、5月5日及5月6日在太湖梅梁湾的栈桥头、直湖港的河口区、太湖中心及胥口湾中心测定的初级生产力及水下光场数据,计算了各测点的藻类光量子产额和P-I曲线,并分析了其空间差异的特征.太湖栈桥头的P-I曲线呈现出明显的光抑制现象;在胥口湾中心和直湖港河口,P-I曲线呈现出弱的光抑制现象;而在太湖中心区域,P-I曲线只达到了光饱和状态,并未出现光抑制现象.单位叶绿素a的最大光量子产额的大小顺序为太湖中心区域、梅梁湾的栈桥头、直湖港的河口区及胥口湾的湖心区.     

三峡水库消落区土壤、植物汞释放及其在斑马鱼体的富集特征

利用室内模拟试验,探讨了三峡水库消落区淹没后土壤、植物汞释放特征及其在斑马鱼体的富集水平.结果表明,随淹水时间的延长,淹没土壤中总汞(THg)含量下降;水体THg浓度总体明显升高.淹没土壤及水体中甲基汞(MMHg)含量总体明显上升,其中稗草+土壤处理水体中增加尤为明显,淹水21 d后,其浓度是土壤处理的2.52倍.表明消落区土壤、植物是水库水体汞的一个重要来源.供试稗草淹水分解造成水体pH及溶解氧(DO)含量下降、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量上升,对土壤MMHg含量无明显影响,对水体MMHg影响较大.供试斑马鱼头部、内脏及肌肉中THg含量总体明显上升,与水体中THg浓度具有显著相关性(P<0.01).鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉中均出现不同程度的MMHg富集现象,以头部与肌肉最为明显.淹水21 d后,添加土壤处理的鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉MMHg增加的含量分别是对照的1.75~6.25、3.53~8.38、2.22~3.36倍;稗草+土壤处理的分别是土壤处理的3.57、2.37、1.52倍.可见,淹没土壤是鱼体MMHg增加的重要来源,淹没植物改变原水环境条件影响其向水体释汞过程能提高鱼体中MMHg含量.     

An experimental study on the airlift pump with air jet nozzle and booster pump

The experiments for high head airlifting performance with vertical tube were examined for wastewater treatment. Comparing with the centrifugal pump and other pumps, the airlift pump has some problems and limited applications. However, an advantage of an airlift pump is in its geometrical simplicity, not having any moving parts, so it is suitable in lifting fluids including tiny pieces of metal or grit. In this study, for the purpose of high lifting head, an air jet nozzle was used. We have performed experimentally according to various characteristics of the airlift pump system such as the change of submerged depth, lifting head of liquid-air mixture (total head) and air flow rate. This work has verified through experiments that airlift pump shows lifting ability for 3 m (S_r = 0.3) in comparison with conventional height, 2 m (S_r = 0.4). Also, we suggested that the new airlift pump system with the air booster pump be used to improve the higher lifting head performance.     

中国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中典型污染指标特性比较分析

本研究基于1991—2018年期间的相关报道,通过单因子和內梅罗指数法、地下水质量评分法等方法及SPSS 24.0和Origin 2017等分析软件分别对我国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中的主要污染指标进行了评价,通过累计污染负荷比法分别对其进行了识别,并分析了正规与非正规填埋场地下水的污染特征与差异,以期为我国不同类型的生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的修复和治理提供指导.结果表明:我国正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中已报道检出污染指标共计89种,非正规共计93种;其中在非正规填埋场地下水中,有机物、无机盐以及重金属污染指标的数量都较之正规的更多.正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中普遍性、局部性和点源性的主要污染指标差异明显,虽然两种不同类型的填埋场地下水中均普遍存在有机物(高锰酸盐指数)、无机盐(氨氮、氯化物、硝酸盐氮)和重金属(铁)污染指标,但是在非正规填埋场地下水中还普遍含锰和砷,局部含汞;在正规填埋场地下水中,普遍含汞,局部含锰.同时,我国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水质量综合评分F值分别为7.69和8.11,都属于极差级别,表明无论是正规还是非正规填埋场,其地下水都已受到了严重污染,其中非正规的污染程度明显高于正规的.因此,生活垃圾填埋场对地下水的污染应引起社会的关注,尤其应加强对非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的修复和治理.     

Spider orientation and hub position in orb webs

Orb-web building spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea, Uloboridae) can be considered as territorial central place foragers. In territorial central place foragers, the optimal foraging arena is circular, with the forager sitting in its centre. In orb webs, the spider’s orientation (head up or head down) whilst waiting for prey on the hub of its web and the downwards–upwards asymmetry of its running speeds are the probable causes for the observed deviation of the hub from the web’s centre. Here, we present an analytical model and a more refined simulation model to analyse the relationships amongst the spider’s running speeds, its orientation whilst waiting for prey and the vertical asymmetry of orb webs. The results of our models suggest that (a) waiting for prey head down is generally favourable because it allows the spider to reach the prey in its web on average quicker than spiders waiting head up, (b) the downwards–upwards running speed asymmetry, together with the head-down orientation of most spiders, are likely causes for the observed vertical asymmetry of orb webs, (c) waiting head up can be advantageous for spiders whose downwards–upwards running speed asymmetry is small and who experience high prey tumbling rates and (d) spiders waiting head up should place their hub lower than similar spiders waiting head down.     

临沂九曲沂河大桥附近沂河古河槽特征

选择临沂九曲沂河大桥附近沂河断面作为研究剖面.根据九曲沂河大桥的地质勘探钻孔资料,绘制了沂河古河槽地质剖面示意图.沿勘探钻孔进行了浅层地震影像法物探.在下游的G327沂河大桥附近河槽底部和上游约3 km枋河右岸的埋藏阶地上采集了年代样品,获得了1个光释光年代、2个14 C年代.结论认为:沂河古河槽底部断裂带、裂隙发育;九曲沂河大桥附近约53～55 m以下河槽为末次盛冰期时沂河、祊河的古河槽,当时枋河在九曲沂河大桥的下游汇入沂河;约54 m以上为晚冰期以来沂河河槽,晚冰期以后,枋河约在现在入沂河的位置注入沂河.由于河槽宽浅,流量季节变化大,形成分汉-辫状河特征.