环境中氡辐射水平及控制措施分析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,居民生活不断提高,对居室进行美化装修既成一种时尚。然而由安装（选用劣质材料）而引发的居室辐射水平超标,特别是氡辐射超标问题,已越来越受到人们的关注。为使人们对辐射环境有一基本认识和了解,作者根据多年从事辐射环境监测的经验,对环境空气中氡的性质、来源、辐射水平、危害及室内氡浓度控制措施作一简单分析介绍。     

粉尘对人体健康的危害

随着公众环境意识的提高，特别是知情权、健康权等人权观念的树立，全面了解粉尘对人体健康的危害，不仅是矿山环保防尘专业人士之需，也是矿山工人、管理干部之需。     

粉尘对环境的影响及危害

粉尘对地球环境系统和大气环境的影响及危害日益引起人们的关注。该就是在阐明基本概念的基础上梗概介绍国内外在这方面的认知情况，旨在引起矿山环保防尘专业人士对大气环境方面的关注和研究兴趣。     

室内环境空气污染对人体的危害及其防治

“室内空气污染”被认为是继“煤烟性污染”、“光化学污染”后的第三大类污染。依据《GB／T18883—2002室内空气质量标准》,本文对标准中规定的4类化学物质共19项监测指标,就其种类、来源、特点及危害进行了分析,对如何监测进行了说明,并对预防室内环境空气污染提出了对策和建议。     

大气中氟化物对农业环境的污染危害

位于磐石市东北角的吉林铝业公司,是国家二级企业。该公司有3个年万吨以上生产能力的电解铝厂,其生产所排放的废气污染物以氟化物为主,还有一定量的二氧化硫。其电解铝厂所排放的氯化物是市区农业环境污染中的唯一污染源。含氟废气主要用氧化铝“干法吸附”净化处理。理论上这种方法在密闭条件下可回收废气中95％的氟化物气体。但在实际生产车间,电解槽温度较高,在高温作业条件下的车间里,很难做到门窗密闭。一般在严格管理生产条件下,集气效率可达95％,净化效率85％,仍有部分跑掉的含氟废气,直接污染附近农作物生长和居民身体健…     

机动车尾气对人体健康的危害

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增加,机动车尾气已经成为影响我国城市大气环境的主要问题之一。本文以儿童和交通警察两类人群为例,分析了机动车尾气污染给人体呼吸系统、免疫系统、心脑血管系统等造成的危害。结果表明,由于儿童的呼吸带与机动车尾气排放带非常接近,交警在机动车尾气环境中暴露事件太长,导致这两类人群的呼吸系统极易遭到破坏,发生支气管炎等疾病的概率大大增加;而免疫球蛋白水平和血压发生改变导致了抵抗能力的下降。最后建议通过采取发展公共交通、加强城市交通管理、完善检查维修制度等有效措施加强机动车尾气治理,减少对人体健康产生的危害。     

电磁辐射对人体的危害及防护措施

电磁辐射污染问题经过几十年的研究,虽然在非致热效应的影响问题上尚未达到共识,但对电磁辐射污染的存在人们已有了清楚的认识。本文就电磁辐射的来源、对人体的危害及防护措施作以介绍。 一、电磁辐射的来源 电磁辐射的主要来源是电讯系统中无线电和电视发射台及某些电子设备等,其次是工业生产、科学研究和医疗设备。此外,家用电器和通讯器材因与人群距离近,也是重要的辐射污染源,如微波炉、电脑、复印机、电视、手机等。 二、电磁辐射对人体的危害 电磁辐射主要有射频辐射和微波辐射两大类。生物体接受电磁辐射后大多会产生电场和磁…     

成都市地气地球化学初探——以土壤氡为例

城市地下库中的气体元素（如氧）能透过地面迁移、扩散到地上环境中,不同的地表覆盖材料会有不同的透气性。整个城市地层可以看作是零星分布着“软盖层”网孔的一个大“硬盖层”,表面大多覆盖着如水泥混凝土、地砖、沥青等硬质材料。以成都市土壤氡研究为例,证明在那些网孔和硬覆盖层边缘往往出现地气异常现象。因此,城市地气地球化学引出了新的研究思路,对城市建设和环境评价具有指导性意义。     

阿坝州室内氡及子体水平与肺癌患病率关系的研究

本文报道了四川省阿坝州高原山区各县室内氧及子体浓度,并对阿坝州各县肺癌患病进行了流调。全州室内氧浓度范围值0.5～374.1Bqm~(_3)X:22.7Bqm~(-3);Xg:16.3Bqm~(-3),子体浓度范围值0.32～87.6mwl;X:6.0mwl;Xg:3.94mwl。研究表明:肺癌患病率与氡浓度有相关关系,r=0.6,p<0.01。     

碱法草浆造纸黑液资源化治理技术进展

本文介绍了碱法草浆造纸黑液资源化治理常见的三种方法：酸析木素法、碱回收法及联产资源化法,并对三种方法的优、缺点作了比较。     

环境电磁污染和防治

本文对环境电磁污染的现状,危害及产生作了部份介绍;同时阐述了污染的防治技术和目前该项工作尚存在问题。     

浅谈冷季型观赏草坪在秦皇岛地区的主要危害及防治

针对冷季型观赏草坪在秦皇岛地区常见的疾病、虫害、杂草及其它危害,对草坪常见的六种病害:褐斑病(Brown spot)、萎蔫病(Bacterial wilt)、腐烂病(Pythium blight)、白粉病(Powdery mildew)、锈病(Rust)、铜斑病(Copper spot);四种大量发生的虫害:粘虫、蛴螬、地老虎、蚂蚁;四种常见的其他危害:日烧、肥料灼伤、苔藓、伞菌和毒菌等,从发病机理、危害症状、识别特征、防治要点等四个方面进行详细阐述.     

论环境污染的危害及其防治措施

论述了环境污染造成的危害性 ,分析了我国环境污染的特点 ,并在此基础上提出了保护环境和治理污染的相应措施。     

The Harm Principle and Genetically Modified Food

It is suggested that the Harm Principle can be viewedas the moral basis on which genetically modified (GM) food iscurrently regulated. It is then argued (a) that the concept ofharm cannot be specified in such a manner as to render the HarmPrinciple a plausible political principle, so this principlecannot be used to justify existing regulation; and (b) that evenif the Harm Principle were a plausible political principle, itcould not be used alone in the regulation of GM food, since itdoes not express a concern for the expected benefits of suchfood.     

含硫化氢油田地面工程设计实践与认识

文章分析了硫化氢(H2S)的危害,提出了含H2S油田地面工程设计思路。在长庆油田现有工艺流程的基础上,针对硫化氢的危害,通过采用地面工艺全流程密闭、选用抗硫工艺设备、管材等工艺技术,实现油田安全清洁生产,确保油田安全、高效开发。     

水中隐孢子虫的检测技术

本文着重评述了水中隐孢子虫卵囊的检测技术,具体介绍了EPA1622法和1623法、流式细胞计、荧光原位杂交、SPR生物传感器以及PCR等方法,并对其操作技术、检测周期、回收率、检测限、可靠性、敏感性、稳定性以及能否种类鉴别等方面进行了比较。笔者认为我国应致力于开展快速检测卵囊活性与传染性的研究;随着IMS、细胞分类法等纯化手段不断完善,PCR技术对研究水中隐孢子虫的检测将会有更广阔的发展空间。     

荒漠化对新疆绿洲生态环境的危害

新疆荒漠化土地面积大,分布范围广,发展程度高,危害严重.目前,新疆的荒漠化面积为104.4×104km2,占全区总面积的65.25%.在自然因素和人为因素叠加影响下,新疆的荒漠化越来越严重威胁到绿洲生态环境.近几十年来,新疆过度开垦和人口增长过快已经给原本脆弱的生态环境带来巨大压力,加剧了水资源的耗用和土地荒漠化的进程.因此,防治荒漠化,是实现荒漠地区人口,资源与环境协调发展的根本途径.本文简要论述新疆日趋严重的荒漠化对绿洲生态环境的危害.并提出防治对策和见解.     

Environmental Harm: Political not Biological

In their fine paper, Evans et al. (2009) discuss the proposition that invasive non-native species (INS) are harmful. The question to ask is, “Harmful to whom?” Pathogens that make people sick and pests that damage their property—crops, for example—cause harms of kinds long understood in common law and recognized by public agencies. The concept of “harm to the environment,” in contrast, has no standing in common law or legislation, no meaning for any empirical science, and no basis in a political consensus other than might be drawn from the Endangered Species Act. As a generalization, the proposition that INS cause “environmental harm”—since this concept is empty of legal, scientific, and political meaning—must rest on definition, diktat, or diatribe. As Evans et al. suggest, however, the idea of “harm to the environment” is not always and certainly need not be arbitrary; it might gather significance in the context of a particular place through a political process that weighs economic concerns with cultural, religious, aesthetic, and other relevant beliefs, practices, and commitments that people who care about that place present. It is not clear, however, that adaptive management, which Evens et al. propose, will provide that democratic political process.     

Cost-benefit analyses of radon mitigation projects

Radon is a radioactive gas that enters buildings and is known to cause lung cancer. Danish building regulation recommends simple remedial measures for radon levels between 200 and 400 Bq m⁻³, and more effective methods for levels above 400 Bq m⁻³. The Danish National Board of Health found that radon levels in 4.6% of the dwellings were above the reference level, and that the distribution of radon levels in Danish one-family houses is lognormal with a geometric mean of 57.7 Bq m⁻³ and a geometric standard deviation of 2.28. The purpose of the paper is to present a cost–benefit analysis of a possible future governmental intervention against radon in existing Danish one-family houses. In other words, it seeks to answer the question: is it socio-economically worthwhile to avert lung cancer deaths by reducing radon levels in the most exposed dwellings? The results indicate that an intervention based on the anti-radon measures recommended by the Danish building regulation would, if implemented, avert less than 30 deaths each year. By comparison, a total of 300 people die from radon exposure annually in Denmark. The total costs exceed the valuated health benefits by €62 million (6% discount rate). It is concluded that it is not socio-economically favourable to reduce radon levels in existing Danish one-family houses. These results are based on a discount rate of 6%, a value of preventing a statistical fatality of €1.4 million, and a relatively high cost of remediation in Denmark compared to other countries. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the conclusion will be different if a discount rate of 4.3% or less is used, or if the value of preventing a statistical fatality is €2.54 million or higher, or if the cost of remediation is reduced.