基于GT-Power柴油机颗粒捕集器捕集性能的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)仿真模型,进行了仿真计算。研究了颗粒捕集器本身结构参数对其捕集效率与压降的影响。结果表明,影响颗粒捕集器捕集效率的主要参数有通道密度(CPSI)、过滤体孔隙率、过滤体微孔直径以及过滤壁厚度;影响颗粒物压降的主要参数有通道密度、过滤体渗透率、过滤体孔隙率以及过滤壁厚度。     

旋流诱导界面(SII)反应器流动优化与泥/水分离性能研究

提出了一种新型诱导界面反应器(SII),通过优化反应器内的旋流流动,有效降低了活性污泥颗粒与水相的分离因子,改善了污泥床反应器内的泥/水两相接触状况,提升了反应器的污水处理负荷。构建了基于旋流修正的湍流模型和随机轨道模型,结合相应的计算流体力学(CFD)方法,模拟并预测了反应器内流体强烈湍动以及由此引发的颗粒涡流扩散。改进后的SII反应器实现了三维结构的循环流动以及污泥颗粒在装置内的自沉降,促进了颗粒与水相的充分接触。     

市政污泥流变特性及圆管流数值模拟研究

通过对市政污泥粘度测量实验,得到污泥剪切速率与剪切应力关系数据,并且观察到剪切稀化现象;运用分段拟合方法求解出初始屈服应力和临界剪切速率,从而得到全范围污泥流变曲线。在此基础上,建立污泥管流模型并完成计算,计算结果与参考文献中经验公式和实验结果接近。且可知管径、流速以及流动指数对管道流动的影响显著。人口流速不变的条件下,减小流动管径33％,驱动压力增大了152．1％;管径不变条件下,提高人口流速10倍,驱动压力增大了11倍;保持管径和入口流速条件不变,增大流动指数10倍,驱动压力减少了20．2％。     

氧化沟反应器流体力学特性的数值模拟与实验研究

采用CFD数值计算和体视PIV测试相结合的方法研究卡鲁塞尔氧化沟反应器流场特性。探索复杂边界条件下反应器流场的模拟方法，采用体视PIV技术分别测量了反应器直道、弯道处三维全场流速；研究不同位置处纵、横、垂三向的流动结构和沿程分布特点。结果表明，模拟与实验结果较吻合；纵、垂两向的流动分布是决定沟内水力特性的主要因素；横、垂两向的流动是决定污泥沉积位置的主要因数；外沟靠近曝气叶轮直道段的流速分布上大下小，在低速区底部易发生污泥沉积；外沟远离曝气叶轮直道段流速分布上小下大，利于防止泥水分离；弯道段受横比降和横向环流的影响，内侧容易形成低速区或停滞区而发生污泥沉积。     

紫外消毒器辐射剂量模拟与设备设计

基于拉格朗日方法建立了耦合流体流动、紫外光强辐射与粒子辐射剂量的数值计算模型。利用该模型对工业尺寸的紫外消毒设备进行了模拟计算,获得了消毒设备内的场量信息;展示了利用CFD模拟优化设计紫外消毒反应器的方法;讨论了设置挡板和改变灯管布置2种方式对粒子辐射剂量的影响,计算结果表明,调整辐射场对紫外消毒设备性能的改善程度明显高于改变流动状态。     

锥度对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响

为了提高旋风除尘器的分离效率,研究了锥度对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响,建立了气体流场和颗粒动力场的理论模型,并应用SIMPLEC算法对不同锥度下旋风除尘器内部的总压、切速度、颗粒运动轨迹以及分离效率进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明:旋风除尘器内部的总压和切速度均基本呈轴对称分布,沿半径方向,总压呈非线性增大趋势,而切速度呈"驼峰"分布;通过减小锥度降低了总压和切速度,缩短了颗粒的停留时间,从而提高了分离效率,为旋风除尘器的结构优化设计、提高分离性能提供参考。     

石油烃污染土壤颗粒运动状态与脱附关系数值模拟

针对土壤中石油烃污染的脱附,采用计算模拟方法对污染土壤颗粒的运动状态与脱附关系进行了研究。结果表明,颗粒中污染物的脱附效果与其运动状态有关,脱附效果由低至高排序为颗粒静止直线运动螺旋运动,且颗粒做螺旋运动对污染物的脱附较其他运动状态更为均匀;螺旋运动的脱附效果与旋向无关,但与运动圈数有关,单位时间内螺旋运动的圈数越多,颗粒的脱附效果越好。基于上述结果,设计了一种管式涡流结构以期实现颗粒的螺旋运动,实现了土壤颗粒中石油烃污染物的强化脱附。利用Fluent模拟了不同管式涡流结构的流体流动形态及颗粒运动轨迹,发现螺旋叶片的旋向能够调控颗粒的运动旋向,螺旋叶片的导程能够调控颗粒的运动圈数。     

内置涡核破碎翼旋风分离器内颗粒受力数值分析

内置涡核破碎翼旋风分离器具有维持较高效率同时降低阻力的特点。研究其内部颗粒受力情况对揭示其工作机理有重要意义。利用计算流体力学方法(CFD),采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)模拟流场,在此基础上,应用拉格朗日离散化模型(DPM)对传统Lapple型旋风分离器加设涡核破碎翼前后的内部颗粒进行追踪,并对其进行受力分析。结果表明:内置涡核破碎翼旋风分离器在颗粒分离时间及受力在数值上均与传统分离器有所差别;涡核破碎翼叶片较短时,径向合力主要表现为向外,离心力占主导作用,利于颗粒收集;叶片较长时,颗粒受到气流扰动作用加剧,径向上的运动随机性增加从而不利于分离。     

臭氧接触反应器气液两相流数字图像处理方法与实验分析

在单相数字粒子图像测速度(PIV)技术的基础上,研究气液两相流动的PIV图像处理方法,采用数字掩模技术对不同相的流动信息进行标记、识别、提取与计算,编辑了相应的软件.运用改进后的PIV方法对臭氧接触反应器中气-液体两相流动进行了测试与分析.结果表明,臭氧接触反应器中液相轴向流速分布是决定反应器内水力特性的主导因素;进气流量直接影响反应器内液气两相的流速分布;随进气流量的提高,液气两相的轴向速度和横向速度均增大,同时反应器流动结构与流程分布会发生较大变化.     

粉尘颗粒在单纤维表面沉积的计算机模拟

采用随机模拟方法模拟研究了粉尘颗粒在单纤维表面上的沉积过程,Kuwabara流场用于计算粉尘颗粒运动的轨迹,模拟中考虑了粉尘颗粒的粒径分布和单纤维在气流作用下的扭曲行为对粉尘颗粒沉积的影响.模拟结果表明.粉尘颗粒在单纤维表面上的沉积形态与分布特征依赖于Stokes数、粉尘颗粒粒径分布和纤维扭曲程度;模拟获得的粉尘树枝结构与相关文献提供的实验结果相似.     

物料下落过程中可吸入颗粒物产生特性及控制技术

利用实验室新设计开发的一套装置,研究物料自由下落过程影响可吸入颗粒物产生的因素.通过实验分别测定不同物料、质量流量、含水量、粒径组成和下垫面5个因素对可吸入颗粒物产生的影响.实验结果表明,不同物料可吸入颗粒物产生率不同;随着质量流量和物料含水量的增加,可吸入颗粒物产生率减小,加水是减少可吸入颗粒物排放的最有效方法之一;不同粒径组成和不同下垫面对可吸入颗粒物产生也有影响,但作用并不显著.     

Improving estimation of indoor exposure to inhalable particles for children in the first year of life

There is growing scientific evidence linking early childhood exposure to environmental agents with asthma and other illnesses that may not appear until later in life. Unfortunately the direct measurement of personal exposures of children in the first year of life is not possible by existing methodologies. This study developed and evaluated a new methodology to better assess exposure of children to inhalable particles in the first year of life while involved in floor play in the home. We constructed the Pre-Toddler Inhalable Particulate Environmental Robotic (PIPER) sampler. Two series of measurements of inhalable particles were carried out. One collected filter samples of airborne inhalable particles and a second used a real-time total particle mass concentration monitor. Samples were collected for seven residential locations. Duplicate samples were collected with PIPER 20 cm above the floor and from an identical stationary monitor positioned at a height of 110 cm. The mean observed airborne inhalable particle concentrations measured by PIPER was 98.6 microg/ m3, whereas simultaneously collected stationary samples mean concentration was 49.8 microg/m3. The average observed ratio of PIPER samples to stationary samples was 2.4. A paired t test comparison of the two sampling methods indicated a statistically significant higher level of inhalable particle concentration measured by PIPER in comparison with the fixed sampler (P < 0.0001). Peak concentrations as measured by a real-time monitor were in excess of 3600 microg/m3. The results suggest that children playing on the floor are exposed to a higher concentration of total inhalable particles than previous methodologies estimate.     

Charged Fog Technology Part II: Prototype Tests of a New Charged Fog Generator for Fugitive Emission Control

The prototype charged fog generator described in a preceding paper¹ was field tested on a fugitive emission source at a bentonite ore processing plant in Worland, Wyoming, during 1981. Participate matter samples were collected as fine and coarse fractions under three different test scenarios: with no control, with partial control (uncharged fog), and with full control (charged fog). Measured particulate matter sample concentrations were normalized for each test day with respect to the background values so that particle control efficiency of the device could be evaluated without any bias during the entire test program.

These tests have shown that mean value of the inhalable particle control efficiency of charged fog measured under all instrument settings and field conditions is increased by 78% when compared with uncharged fog. In particular, fine particle control efficiencies of over 90% were recorded under optimum instrument settings and ideal field conditions. The bentonite particles seemed to carry a net positive charge. The optimum instrument settings were found to be: 60 L/h water flow rate, an applied voltage of 10-15 kV and a spray pattern which covers maximum volume of dust-laden air. Ideal field conditions are high relative humidity and calm or low winds.

Charged fog technology appears to be an effective and economically feasible method to control sources of fugitive particle emission in the inhalable size range. Further research is needed to evaluate the inhalable particle control efficiency of the device for emissions of various chemical compositions.     

旋风除尘器流场及浓度场实验与模拟

在研究旋风除尘器内气固两相的运动状况及分离机理方面,计算机模拟替代部分实验的方法能够优化设计旋风除尘器结构参数,提高其对微细颗粒的捕集效率,减少运行压力损失。本研究采用RSM模型和随机轨道模型对旋风除尘器内流场及浓度场进行模拟及实验。研究表明,旋风除尘器压力损失模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,对于大于5μm的颗粒其捕集效率模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;旋风除尘器外壁的颗粒浓度呈螺旋带状分布;如将排气管管径减少至原直径0.8倍,可使其对2μm颗粒捕集效率提高6.6%,但压力损失提高36.5%;颗粒的凝并作用有利于提高旋风除尘器微细颗粒的捕集效率。     

A detailed numerical study of the evolution of soot particle size distributions in laminar premixed flames

In this work, two numerical techniques, viz. the method of moments and a discrete h-p-Galerkin method, have been applied for numerical simulation of soot formation in a laminar premixed acetylene/oxygen/argon flame. From the evolution of the PAH and the soot particle size distributions, new insight into the different processes of soot formation is provided. For this, the single submodels have been examined with respect to their influence on the PAH and the soot particle size distributions. The particle inception step was studied in detail by comparing the simulated PAH size distributions with experimental results. Additionally, an estimation of the interaction energy of layered PAH dimers was performed by quantum chemical calculations. From these results, some evidence for the particle inception model employing coalescence of PAH molecules has been found. The numerical results for the gas phase chemical species, the particle number densities and volume fractions of soot as well as for the soot particle size distributions are compared with experimental data. Thereby, the consistency of the entire model is demonstrated.     

Performance evaluation of six different aerosol samplers in a particulate matter generation chamber

The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the performance of six different aerosol samplers in terms of mass concentration, particle size distribution, and mass fraction for the international size-sampling conventions. The international size-sampling criteria were defined as inhalable, thoracic, and respirable mass fractions with 50% cutoff at an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 100 μm, 10 μm, and 4 μm, respectively. Two Andersen, four total suspended particulate (TSP), two RespiCon, four PM₁₀, two DustTrak, and two SidePak samplers were selected and tested to quantitatively estimate human exposure in a carefully controlled particulate matter (PM) test chamber. The overall results indicate that (1) Andersen samplers underestimate total suspended PM and overestimate thoracic and respirable PM due to particle bounce and carryover between stages, (2) TSP samplers provide total suspended PM as reference samplers, (3) TSP samplers quantified by a coulter counter multisizer provide no information below an equivalent spherical diameter of 2 μm and therefore underestimate respirable PM, (4) RespiCon samplers are free from particle bounce as inhalable samplers but underestimate total suspended PM, (5) PM₁₀ samplers overestimate thoracic PM, and (6) DustTrak and SidePak samplers provide relative PM concentrations instead of absolute PM concentrations.     

Analysis of PM10, PM2.5, and PM2 5-10 concentrations in Santiago, Chile, from 1989 to 2001

Daily particle samples were collected in Santiago, Chile, at four urban locations from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 2001. Both fine PM with da < 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and coarse PM with 2.5 < da < 10 microm (PM2.5-10) were collected using dichotomous samplers. The inhalable particle fraction, PM10, was determined as the sum of fine and coarse concentrations. Wind speed, temperature and relative humidity (RH) were also measured continuously. Average concentrations of PM2.5 for the 1989-2001 period ranged from 38.5 microg/m3 to 53 microg/m3. For PM2.5-10 levels ranged from 35.8-48.2 microg/m3 and for PM10 results were 74.4-101.2 microg/m3 across the four sites. Both annual and daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentration levels exceeded the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards and the European Union concentration limits. Mean PM2.5 levels during the cold season (April through September) were more than twice as high as those observed in the warm season (October through March); whereas coarse particle levels were similar in both seasons. PM concentration trends were investigated using regression models, controlling for site, weekday, month, wind speed, temperature, and RH. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations decreased substantially, 52% over the 12-year period (1989-2000), whereas PM2.5-10 concentrations increased by approximately 50% in the first 5 years and then decreased by a similar percentage over the following 7 years. These decreases were evident even after controlling for significant climatic effects. These results suggest that the pollution reduction programs developed and implemented by the Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA) have been effective in reducing particle levels in the Santiago Metropolitan region. However, particle levels remain high and it is thus imperative that efforts to improve air quality continue.     

Inhalable urban atmospheric particulate matter in a semi-arid climate: The case of Santiago De Chile

The city of Santiago is characterized by low average rainfall and atmospheric thermal inversion layers. Air pollution levels are high. Dichotomous sampling of inhalable particulate matter (IPM) has been conducted at a fixed station on the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) campus from October 1981 to March 1983. The air sampling inlet cutoff was 15 μm, the fractioning cut being located at a 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter. The samples were analyzed qualitatively by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Information on the IPM component of urban air pollution in Santiago by particle sizing sampling methods was not previously available, nor had XRF spectrometry been applied to local IPM samples. A multivariate statistical analysis of the body of data comprising sample masses and XRF elemental intensities is presented and discussed. The group of elements Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe shows strong statistical correlations in the coarse particle fraction; correlations in the fine particle fraction include Br/Pb. Evidence for seasonal variations in the air pollution pattern is presented. Pollution by sulfur is discussed.     

纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子的制备及吸附性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子。应用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和振动样品磁强计（VSM）等对纳米磁性粒子的粒径、结构、形貌、磁性能进行了表征,进行了磁分离沉降性能和腐殖酸吸附去除实验研究。结果表明：在未添加任何分散剂的条件下,制得的纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子主要呈球状,平均粒径约11nm,为典型的反尖晶石结构;饱和磁化强度、矫顽力和剩余磁化强度分别为73．10emu／g、159．2A／m和0．41emu／g;磁分离沉降速度为重力场的50倍;纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子对腐殖酸的吸附符合Langmuir型吸附等温线。     

纳米Fe_3O_4磁性粒子的制备及吸附性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子。应用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)等对纳米磁性粒子的粒径、结构、形貌、磁性能进行了表征,进行了磁分离沉降性能和腐殖酸吸附去除实验研究。结果表明:在未添加任何分散剂的条件下,制得的纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子主要呈球状,平均粒径约11 nm,为典型的反尖晶石结构;饱和磁化强度、矫顽力和剩余磁化强度分别为73.10 emu/g、159.2 A/m和0.41 emu/g;磁分离沉降速度为重力场的50倍;纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子对腐殖酸的吸附符合Langmuir型吸附等温线。