B-P网络应用于地下水水质监测点优选

以地下水水质评价分级标准作为训练样本,构造B-P网络模型对其进行训练,用训练好的B-P网络对某地的地下水水质监测点进行评判、优选。并与其它方法的结果进行比较,结果表明,B-P网络用于环境测点优选不仅原理直观,而且具有较好的客观性和实用性。     

Associations between distance lags,groundwater velocities,and detection efficiencies in groundwater monitoring networks

Effects of distance lags between landfills and monitoring wells on contaminant detection capability were quantified in several groundwater velocity settings. Detection efficiency calculations were made with and without imposing a time limit on contaminant travel. In general, longer distance lags yieldedhigher detection efficiencies. However, detection efficienciesdecreased as monitoring wells approached a buffer zone boundaryimposing a maximum permissible contaminant transport distance.Imposing a time limit on contaminant travel substantially reduced detection efficiency in low velocity settings, especiallyat longer distance lags. Time limits were less significant in high velocity settings where contaminants more quickly reachedmonitoring wells. Detection efficiencies also decreased as velocity increased, but decreases were minor once the velocityreached a threshold value.     

相似分析在空气连续监测缺测资料插补处理中的应用

空气连续自动监测中缺测资料的插补处理是环境监测与科研的一项基础性的技术工作,文章应用数理统计中的相似分析原理进行探讨,取得了较理想的结果.该方法对解决和处理因采样时间不足而造成的污染物浓度日均值缺失问题是十分有效的,对目前我国开展的城市空气质量日报工作有一定的实际意义.     

Cokriging optimization of monitoring network configuration based on fuzzy and non-fuzzy variogram evaluation

A number of optimization approaches regarding monitoring networkdesign and sampling optimization procedures have been reported inthe literature. Cokriging Estimation Variance (CEV) is a usefuloptimization tool to determine the influence of the spatial configuration of monitoring networks on parameter estimations. Itwas used in order to derive a reduced configuration of a nitrateconcentration monitoring well network. The reliability of the reduced monitoring configuration suffers from the uncertainties caused by the variographer's choices and several inherent assumptions. These uncertainties can be described considering thevariogram parameters as fuzzy numbers and the uncertainties by means of membership functions.Fuzzy and non-fuzzy approaches were used to evaluate differencesamong well network configurations. Both approaches permitted estimates of acceptable levels of information loss for nitrate concentrations in the monitoring network of the aquifer of the Plain of Modena, Northern Italy. The fuzzy approach was found torequire considerably more computational time and numbers of wellsat comparable level of information loss.     

实验室监测数据的合理性检验

通过比较总含盐量与溶解性总固体的关系、阴阳离子的平衡关系、总硬度与钙镁离子的关系及三氧之间的关系,进而检验实验监测数据的合理性和可靠性。     

开放通道傅立叶变换红外光谱法在环境监测中的应用

近年来,开放式傅立叶交换红外光谱法在环境监测中的应用越来越广,可以对化工厂、水泥厂、燃煤发电厂、炼油厂、建材厂、机动车、飞机以及垃圾场等点源和面源中许多有机和无机化合物进行遥测和实时在线监测。     

计算机在环境监测数据辅助审核中的应用

以地面水环境监测数据为例 ,对实现监测数据计算机辅助审核的可行性以及审核的方法等进行了研究。指出实现监测数据计算机辅助审核是完全可行的。监测数据计算机辅助审核不仅将大大减轻数据审核技术人员的工作压力 ,也有利于提高监测数据审核工作的技术水平和工作质量     

被动式个体采样器在环境监测中的应用

本文报道了用被动式个体采样器监测空气小常见污染物ＮＯ２,ＳＯ２．提出了样品测定之前对每种污染物的具体实验要求。对济南市有关场所空气进行了监测。总结了个体采样器的优点。     

降雨对噪声自动监测数据的影响分析

选取北京市近5年夏半年(4—9月)的降雨数据及相关噪声自动监测小时等效声级,利用数学统计软件进行有雨-无雨声级差异性分析、声级-降雨相关性分析及平均声级-雨量变化趋势分析等,提出降雨确实对噪声自动监测小时数据有一定贡献,不同雨量对不同功能区噪声影响不同,建议噪声自动监测系统建设时应考虑雨噪声影响,以保证对声环境质量评价的科学性和准确性。     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

长光程大气自动监测中异常数据的分析及处置

长光程大气自动监测系统部件较多,结构复杂,中心站对子站监控通过在线方式完成,因此对系统中故障的判断和排除有一定难度。通过对中心站调出的异常数据进行诊断和分析,帮助操作者提升对系统的了解和对异常数据处理的技能。     

An appraisal of subsurface geology and groundwater resources of Owerri and environs based on electrical resistivity survey and borehole data evaluation

The research was aimed at determining the depth to the watertable, aquifer thickness and subsurface geology of the studyarea thus revealing its groundwater distribution as well as its potential as a substitute to the surface water resources.Vertical electrical soundings were carried out in the study area with maximum electrode spread. The Schlumberger electrode configuration technique was adopted. VES data were processedusing Schlumberger analysis package. Lithologic logs of alreadyexisting boreholes in the study area were collected, evaluatedand comparison were carried out. The results reveal alternatinglayers of sands, sandstones, gravel and clay. The lithologiclogs revealed that the study area is underlain by coastal sands (Benin formation). The water table varies from 10–64 m and thickness of the aquifer ranges from 20–80 m. Results show that the study area is underlain by a thick extensive aquifer that has a transmissivity of 2.8 × 10^-2m² s^-1 to 3.3 × 10^-1m² s^-1 and storativity 1.44 × 10^-4 to 1.68 × 10^-3m s^-1 values. The specific yield is about 0.31.The sandy component of the study area forms more than 90% ofthe sequence, therefore the permeability, the transmissivity andthe storage coefficient are high with an excellent source of groundwater resources.     

谈监测仪器的质量控制标准与维护管理

监测仪器是从事环境监测工作必不可少的工具。我国环保事业对监测仪器的需求量越来越大,仪器也越来越复杂。本文就监测仪器的质量控制标准与管理问题进行了探讨,以求最大限度地发挥监测仪器设备的效能,使我国监测科研工作提高到一个新水平。     

Comparison of data from two vegetation monitoring methods in semi-natural grasslands

Two vegetation-monitoring methods were compared: subplot frequency analysis (SF) and visual estimation of percentage cover (VE). Two independent observers collected data from two semi-natural, species-rich grasslands on three different occasions during the growth-season. During the last data collection period, survey times were also recorded. The two different data sets from the two methods were compared using partial Redundancy Analyses. The purpose of the comparison was to identify the method that explains most of the relevant variation in biodiversity-monitoring (inter-and intra-site variation), and the variation irrelevant when evaluating data (systematic inter-observer variation and variation due to phenological changes). Compared with VE data, more variation in SF data could be explained by spatial variables, while less variation depended on the observer and time of year surveyed. SF also found more species per plot but took on average five times longer to complete than VE. In conclusion, the different methods are suitable for different purposes: SF is more suitable for purposes demanding high accuracy and high precision, such as long-term biodiversity-monitoring when the identification of small changes has high priority, while VE might be more suitable for a one-time mapping of a large area.     

基于卫星遥感数据的江西德兴铜矿开采环境影响动态监测分析

位于中国南方的江西省德兴矿山开采铜矿已有几十年历史.采矿行为会产生大量废石和尾、,这些废石和尾矿富含铁化合物,不断与氧气、雨水接触,将形成金属离子和酸根离子等污染物,随着降雨过程迅速在地表大面积扩散,最终流入矿山附近的河流、湖泊等水体,因此会造成植被污染、水环境恶化.基于卫星遥感数据源,针对江西德兴铜矿典型的矿山开采环境,对矿山开采环境内植被及水体的影响进行了动态监测分析,可为矿山合理开发、环境监测与可持续发展提供决策分析方法.     

气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用在我国环境监测中的应用

从系统分析和有机污染分析等方面出发 ,概述了气相色谱 质谱 (GC MS)联用在我国大气、水质、土壤等环境监测中所取得的重要成果 ,例如可测定多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二、多氯二苯并呋喃、农药、酚类、多氯联苯、恶臭、有机酸、有机硫化合物和苯系物、卤代烃、氯苯类等挥发性化合物 ,以及多组分有机污染物。     

Analysis of diazinon monitoring data from the Sacramento and Feather River watersheds: 1991-2001

The objectives of this study were to: (1) analyzehistorical diazinon water column monitoring data frominconsistent monitoring programs in mainstem and tributary sitesin the Sacramento and Feather River watersheds from 1991 to 2001to assess possible spatial and temporal trends and (2) determinethe probability of measured diazinon concentrations by site orsimilar pooled sites exceeding various proposed effectsbenchmarks such as Water Quality Criteria and 10th centilesderived from species sensitivity distributions proposed as targetconcentrations for Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). An analysisof diazinon monitoring data from both fixed and rain eventsampling from the Sacramento/Feather River watersheds from 1991to 2001 showed that 90th centiles for 27 different mainstemand tributary sites ranged from 12 to 14,897 ng L^-1. The 90th centiles were generally higher at tributary sites (as compared to mainstem sites) during rain event sampling prior to 1995. A comparison of rain event samples for similar sites sampled in 1994 and 2000 showed that 90th centiles were lower in seven of eight sites in 2000. A comparison of pooled mainstemsites between 1994 and 2000 for rain event data showed a lower90th centile value for 2000; 90th centiles were alsolower in 2000 at all pooled tributary sites and all sites whendata from a highly influential site was removed. For varioussite designations (all sites, pooled mainstem sites etc.) theprobability of exceeding the acute and chronic diazinon targetsdeveloped by California Department of Fish and Game decreasedfrom 1994 to 2000. These data clearly show progress in the 6 yrperiod in reducing environmental concentrations of diazinon.Probability of exceeding the 10th centile targets based onspecies sensitivity distributions for arthropods (the mostsensitive taxa to diazinon exposure) was similar and fairly lowbetween years; the highest percent probability of exceedance forany site designation was 20%.Results from a two-way ANOVA using individual measurementsfrom all sites sampled showed a significant decrease during rainevents between 1994 and 2000, although the decrease was notequivalent for all sites. Sources of uncertainty identified inthe analysis of rain event data from 1994 and 2000 wereinconsistent frequency of sampling during rain events for eachyear, unknown definition of rain events between the two years andnon-defined measurement point within the hydrograph of rainevents sampled in each year. Analysis of diazinon trends fromfixed sampling was limited due to lack of yearly data by site;therefore, only parametric analysis could be conducted. Based onparametric analysis of diazinon monitoring data from fixedsampling sites, the percent detected concentrations were greaterthan 20% for 12 tributary sites and 5 mainstem sites fromsamples collected during January-March. On the average over allsites and months, diazinon concentrations have decreased at fixedsampling sites in the Sacramento/Feather River watershed from1991 to 2001.     

污染源监测数据的特点及其管理系统的开发与研究

从应用软件开发的角度对污染源监测数据资源进行了详细的分析,在此基础上,对"污染源监测数据管理系统"的设计思想、逻辑结构、模块组成等开发研制中的主要技术问题进行了讨论与介绍。     

发光菌毒性试验在项目竣工环保验收监测中的应用

某敏感化工技改项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改,为考察该项目整改后废水处理设施的运行效果,保障水生生物安全,在该项目竣工环境保护验收监测时,采用发光细菌毒性试验检测废水的急性毒性.结果表明,达标排放的废水对生物的急性毒性为低毒,试验结果与常规验收监测结果有可比性,发光细菌毒性试验可用于必须公示的敏感项目竣工环境保护验收监测.     

地级市监测站在执行环境空气质量标准中遇到的问题及解决思路

阐述了当前地级市监测站在执行GB3095-1996监测中遇到的困难和问题,提出了解决这些困难和问题的见解.