川中浅丘农区坡地林农复合系统能量流的研究

对川中浅丘农区坡地林农复合系统和纯农地系统的能量流动过程进行了对比研究。结果表明，林农复合系统比对照农地系统具有更高的能量积累速率、光能利用率和辅助能转化率。     

川中浅丘农区坡地林农复合系统能量流的研究

对川中浅丘农区坡地林农复合系统和纯农地系统的能量流动过程进行了对比研究。结果表明，林农复合系统比对照农地系统具有更高的能量积累速率、光能利用率和辅助能转化率。     

鼎湖山森林群落能量学研究进展

从林地小气候，土壤微生物与凋落物，动物，植物光合吸收生理生态，种群和群落生物量与生产力研究等方面概述了鼎湖山森林群落的能量学研究情况，并结合能量生态学的某些进展探讨了鼎湖山今后开展这方面工作的方向。     

残渣食物链物质和能量的转化利用

本文研究了稻草—平菇—蚯蚓—黄鳝食物链中物质和能量的转化利用。结果表明，该食物链中物质和能量的转化利用率，平茹和黄鳝比蚯蚓高。文中还讨论了残渣食物链的适宜搭配。     

黑龙江省庆安县六合村生态农业建设与评价 Ⅱ.松嫩平原漫川漫岗农业系统能量流动和物质循环的分析

本文运用系统生态学的系统分析方法,从能量流动、物质循环方面,以黑龙江省庆安县六合村为典型,对我国东北松嫩平原漫川漫岗农业系统生态农业建设前后进行分析比较研究。分析结果表明,六合村的生态农业建设为松嫩平原农业生态系统的改善,经济水平较低地区的农业发展提供了有益的经验。通过合理调整系统内的能量流及物质环循,在提高系统生产力的同时,保护农业生态环境。     

沿海框围养鱼生态系统能量转换效率的分析

分析了沿海滩地３种框围养鱼方式（即精料、种草、化肥养鱼）的能量转换效率及种草养鱼的经济效益。初步得出：在沿海滩地低投入框围养鱼中应重视对太阳能的利用；种草养鱼在３种养鱼方式中能量转换效率最高，经济效益较佳，应推广种草养鱼技术，提高资源利用率。     

四川省宜宾地区旱地作物结构能量分析

本文根据系统输入、输出原理分析了宜宾地区旱地作物结构量流动和能量转化,并对各作物结构进行了聚类分析。对今后的工作提出建议。     

城市垃圾能量估算方法探讨

本文根据Ｄｕｌｏｎｇ公式的计算结果，建立了根据城市垃圾组成的重量百分比估算城市垃圾能量的经验公式，并对它进行了检验。估算结果与Ｄｕｌｏｎｇ公式的计算结果进行相关分析，相关系数在０．９８以上，该经验公式具有较好的推广价值，用此公式对我国部分城市垃圾的能量进行了估算。     

康集生态农场能流结构及生态效率分析

本文详细分析了康集生态农场建设初期的能流结构及生态效率。结果表明，经过５年的开发，康集生态农场已初步建成具有较复杂的网络式能流系统。系统的能量利用与转化效率逐年提高，其中种植业和家畜家禽饲养业的能量利用率较高，而养鱼业的能量转化率低，在能量利用上潜力极大。第二性生产的绝大部分人工辅助能依靠系统外输入。据此提出了提高康集生态农场能量利用效率的调控措施。     

康集生态农场能流结构及生态效率分析

本文详细分析了康集生态农场建设初期的能流结构及生态效率。结果表明，经过５年的开发，康集生态农场已初步建成具有较复杂的网络式能流系统。系统的能量利用与转化效率逐年提高，其中种植业和家畜家禽饲养业的能量利用率较高，而养鱼业的能量转化率低，在能量利用上潜力极大。第二性生产的绝大部分人工辅助能依靠系统外输入。据此提出了提高康集生态农场能量利用效率的调控措施。     

沈阳市五三乡菜区农业生态系统分析

本文以沈阳市东陵区五三乡菜区农业生态系统为研究对象,在系统环境辨识基础上运用主成分分析和聚类分析两种多元统计方法对城效型菜区农业生态系统的结构进行分类、分析与评价。文章还对系统的初级生产力、次级生产力、能量投入产出、物质循环及经济效果等系统功能进行了分析,明确了该系统结构、功能的现状及存在的问题,并提出改善结构与提高功能的意见。     

草莓有机与无机种植系统能流和经济流的比较研究

通过３年田间试验，比较分析了草莓有机与无机种植系统的能流、经济流及对土壤环境的影响。结果表明，有机系统草莓产量、经济效益均高于无机系统；有机系统能量产投比仅为无机系统的２５％，但投入的绝大部分为可再生能源；有机系统土壤有机质、微生物量高于无机系统，具有更好的土壤条件     

The bridge between diversity and adaptivity: Answering McIntosh and Jeffrey

SUMMARY

The emerging concept of industrial ecology (IE) has been applied in practice in few case studies on local/regional industrial recycling networks. Analogously to a natural ecosystem, the aim is to develop material cycles and energy cascades between local cooperative actors. An optimal resource basis of an industrial ecosystem is the sustainable use of local renewable natural resources. In this paper, we consider the region of North Karelia in Finland, with 19 municipalities, and hence somewhat expand the system boundaries of an industrial ecosystem case study. The current situation and two scenarios of municipal heating energy production are presented. The heating system consists of individual, district and electric heating. The heat production and related greenhouse gas emissions are considered. The current fuel use is based on imported oil and regional fuels (peat, wood wastes). Also, shares for co-production of heat and electricity (CHP) are shown. In scenario one, we assume the majority of the fuel basis in oil and absence of CHP. Scenario two illustrates nearly complete dependence on regional wood wastes and firewood with the current share of CHP. The North Karelia region provides the IE theory with a fruitful case study because the supply of waste fuels and local renewables is vast and waste utilisation technologies (CHP, fluidized bed burning) constitute a significant part of energy production. Implications of the applied scenario approach are discussed in the context of regional decision making and, in particular, for its implementation with the concepts of a regional environmental management system (EMS) and a regional industrial ecosystem management system (RIEMS).     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality, China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

Do renewable energy policies reduce carbon emissions? On caps and inter-industry leakage

In a parsimonious two-sector general equilibrium model, we challenge the widely-held tenet that within a cap-and-trade system renewable energy policies have no effect on carbon emissions. If the cap does not capture all sectors, we demonstrate that variations of a renewable energy subsidy change aggregate carbon emissions through an inter-industry leakage effect. We decompose this effect into intuitively intelligible components that depend in natural ways on measurable elasticity parameters. Raising the subsidy always reduces emissions if funded by a lump-sum tax, reinforcing recent findings that tightening environmental regulation can cause negative leakage. However, if the subsidy is funded by a levy on electricity, it can increase emissions. These results provide a valuable basis for an informed design of renewable energy policies and an accurate assessment of their effectiveness. We highlight how a state-of-the-art statistic used by governments to gauge such effectiveness, “virtual emission reductions”, is biased, because inter-industrial leakage effects are not captured.     

Free energy flow in the process of collecting material for body build up of aquatic organisms

A general formula defining the free energy expenditures in the processes of algal nutrition and zooplankton feeding has been derived. It appears to be symmetrical in respect of space and time scales. In conditions of optimal control the theoretical relationship between effective free energy expenditures and losses appears to be the ‘golden proportion’. The general trends of the system due to the first and second laws of thermodynamics and Prigogine's theorem form a theoretical basis for phenomenological rules of ecosystem's development.     

窗用材料与建筑节能

门窗对建筑耗能的影响,近年已引起人们的关注,为了寻求窗用材料与建筑节能的对应关系,对各种窗用材料与节能的关系进行了理论分析,并对其关系进行了较详细的讨论.探讨其节能规律,以其为节能窗的设计提供一些可靠依据.     

Sensitivity analysis of a theoretical energy balance model for water temperatures is small streams

Relative sensitivities were computed to determine the importance of the variables to the system. Sensitivity functions were used to predict the nature of the relationships between water temperature and the variables. Unlike earlier studies, this treats a stream subject to intense solar heating. The consequently elevated water temperatures, cause heat loss components to be significant. Evaporation and conduction are the most important. The analysis indicates that the wind spped, the thermal properties of the streambed, the season, its depth, and the amount of shading are the most important variables. The initial water temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure are less important. The air temperature, the albedo of the streambed, and the annual mean air temperature are of little importance. Neither the amount of turbulence in turbulently flowing water, nor the latitude of the stream has an effect. The model allows the trends of the system to be predicted on the basis of easily measurable variables. Hence, the difficulty of measuring the energy balance components may be avoided.