Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrement of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

颗粒计数仪在水处理絮凝过程中的应用研究

以水中高岭土颗粒和腐殖酸有机物为去除对象,首次采用颗粒计数仪对铝盐絮体的动态絮凝变化过程进行了在线监测和分析。通过改变水力条件和投药量,分析了硫酸铝和聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂絮凝过程中各阶段的絮体颗粒粒径分布情况,在此基础上分析并确定絮凝反应的最佳条件。通过实验表明:颗粒计数仪能够较好地表现出絮凝过程的粒径分布变化,同时得出颗粒总数变化与絮凝效果的相关性很好,可以灵敏地表征絮凝效果的好坏,因而可以用来优化絮凝剂的投加量,提高出水水质和降低出水成本。可以预期,颗粒计数器在未来水处理中一定会得到广泛的应用。     

化学生物絮凝工艺的反应机理初探

考察了化学生物絮凝工艺中的Zeta电位、颗粒物粒度分布和溶解性有机物的分子质量分级,并分别与化学强化一级工艺和初沉池进行了对比.研究表明,相同药剂投加量下,化学生物絮凝工艺和化学强化一级工艺的出水Zeta电位值基本相等,化学生物絮凝工艺的回流污泥所携带的化学药剂几乎不影响反应池内颗粒物的稳定状态,其中的生物作用是该工艺对污染物的絮凝效果优于化学强化一级工艺的关键因素.在化学生物絮凝工艺中,投加药剂仅对粒径>10 μm颗粒物和分子质量>6 ku溶解性有机物有较好的去除效果,而生物絮凝作用不但可以促进对大粒径颗粒物和大分子质量溶解性有机物的去除,而且对小粒径颗粒物和小分子质量溶解性有机物也有较好的去除,其出水中粒径>3 μm的颗粒物被完全去除,分子质量为2～6 ku 的溶解性有机物的去除率也高达42.5%.     

成都市大气颗粒物粒径分布及其对能见度的影响

使用环境颗粒物分析仪（GRIMM180）对成都市2018年10月—2019年9月0.25~32 μm的大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合细颗粒物（PM_2.5）质量浓度以及相对湿度（RH）、能见度、降水量等气象要素数据,分析了成都市大气颗粒物粒径分布及其与能见度的关系.结果表明,观测期间成都市大气颗粒物以细粒子为主,0.25~0.5 μm的粒子数浓度占总数浓度的97.75%,数浓度谱呈单峰分布,2018年秋季、2019年夏季表面积谱呈双峰分布,2018年冬季、2019年春季表面积谱呈三峰,体积谱均为三峰分布;在不同RH区间,PM_2.5质量浓度及数浓度均与能见度呈负相关,且其中0.25~0.5 μm粒径段的细颗粒物因为对可见光波段的米散射效应而对能见度产生较大影响;在不同RH情况下,不同粒径段颗粒物数浓度对能见度的影响程度有所差别：在低RH（<70%）下,0.25~0.3 μm粒径段粒子数浓度对能见度影响最大;在中等RH（70%~80%）下,0.3~0.5 μm粒径段粒子数浓度对能见度的影响最大;而在高RH（>80%）下,0.3~0.5 μm和0.5~1 μm粒径段粒子数浓度对能见度影响相当.     

Particle size distribution and removal by a chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation （CBF） process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment （CEPT） process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.     

Particle size distribution and removal in the chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation (CBF) process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.     

兰州市2011年春节期间颗粒物浓度及其谱分布特征

研究了兰州市2011年1月25日~2月18日春节期间大气颗粒物浓度及其谱分布特征,并通过多元对数正态分布拟合方法对其体积浓度谱特征进行了分析.采用空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS-3321)对颗粒物数浓度及其谱分布进行了实时监测,以阐明兰州市春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对大气颗粒物浓度及其谱分布的影响.结果表明:2011年春节期间兰州市烟花燃放对2月3日~8日颗粒物浓度有不同程度的影响,正月初一00:00~01:00和21:00~22:00时受烟花爆竹燃放影响最大,其中在烟花燃放最为集中时段(2月3日0:00~1:00时)0.5~10μm大气颗粒物平均数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度分别为(310.3±97.2)个/cm3、(1061.6±396.0)μm2/cm3和(409.9±176.0)μm3/cm3,分别较未受烟花燃放影响的1月27日~30日0:00~1:00时平均值增加了6.10倍、7.72倍和9.93倍.烟花燃放对数浓度和体积浓度的影响分别主要集中在0.542~1.382μm和3.278~8.354μm粒径段,而对表面积浓度的影响主要集中在0.542~1.981μm和3.278~8.354μm粒径段.受烟花燃放影响的颗粒物体积浓度谱中位径在0.93, 5.50μm左右出现的比例最大,未受烟花燃放影响的颗粒物体积浓度谱中位径在0.85,5.50μm左右出现的比例最大,与未受烟花燃放影响日的颗粒物体积浓度谱相比,燃放烟花使位于积聚模态的体积中位径增加.     

低温条件下絮体破碎再絮凝去除水中颗粒的研究

为了了解低温条件下絮体的形成/破碎/再絮凝过程在适当条件下对絮凝去除水中颗粒物的强化效果,采用PDA2000透光率脉动检测仪对絮凝破碎再絮凝过程进行了在线监测.研究结果表明,当电中和机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量小于0.1 mmol·L-1),絮体破碎后能重新絮凝,絮体大小能恢复到破碎之前;而当网捕卷扫机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量大于0.2 mmol·L-1),絮体的恢复情况不如电中和条件,再絮凝能力降低.投加适量的腐殖酸会增加絮体破碎前后的分形维数,但过量的腐殖酸则会降低破碎前后絮体的分形维数.絮体破碎再絮凝后其分形维数比破碎前高.腐殖酸的投加量并不会明显影响絮凝和破碎后再絮凝的FI指数.电中和絮体破碎前初始絮凝时间越长破碎后沉后水浊度越低,破碎后其浊度会比破碎前显著减小.较低投量的铝盐就能使得沉后水浊度降到很低,因此可以降低混凝剂投量而达到更好的水处理效果.     

油田聚合物驱采出污水絮凝过程研究

针对油田聚合物驱（简称聚驱）采出污水,通过对油滴粒度分布、絮凝指数、油水分离特性和Zeta电位等指标的测定,研究了聚合物、温度、药剂以及搅拌强度对絮凝过程的影响,并探讨了影响聚驱采出污水油水分离效果的主要原因.结果表明,静电排斥并不是聚驱采出污水异常稳定的主要原因. 聚驱采出污水的油水分离特性与水驱采出污水相比存在显著差别,主要因为聚合物阻碍了小油滴的碰撞絮凝. 投加250mg/L由改性聚醚类破乳剂和弱阳离子絮凝剂复合而成的CHP-03药剂,可以有效克服聚合物的阻碍作用,获得92%的含油去除率. 该药剂在絮凝过程中并不依靠电中和机理来实现油滴的脱稳. 在现场条件下,温度的提高不能明显地促进油滴絮凝的有效性. 适当的高速搅拌可以加快絮体生长. 油滴之间的聚结破乳滞后于絮凝,絮凝的后期应避免剧烈搅拌,防止尚未聚结破乳的油滴重新分散.     

天气条件及气团来源对青岛春季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2010年春季在青岛观测的不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,结合同期的Micaps天气图资料及后向轨迹分析资料,探讨了不同天气条件及气团来源不同时青岛大气颗粒物数浓度谱的变化特征.结果表明,沙尘发生前12h,大气中0.3~1.0μm的细粒子数浓度逐渐小幅升高,沙尘发生时>1.0μm粗颗粒物数浓度较沙尘发生前升高了1~10倍,0.3~1.0μm细颗粒物数浓度则降低了20%~45%.降雨使>1.0μm粗粒子数浓度降低>50%,降雨后大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子数浓度很快回升.雾和霾天气发生时1.0μm粗粒子数浓度较高,而局地源气溶胶中粗粒子数浓度较低,<0.7μm细粒子相对贡献较大.     

杭州市大气颗粒物消光组分的粒径分布特征研究

2010年8月在杭州市朝晖、云栖、杭钢和下沙4个点位采集了不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,并对其主要消光组分的粒径分布特征进行了分析,包括SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OC和EC等.同时在朝晖点位对多种气态污染物和多个气象要素进行了同步观测,以评估杭州市能见度下降的影响因素.结果表明:PM2.5、RH、SO2和NO2均与能见度呈一定负相关关系.4个监测点位颗粒物浓度变化均呈双峰型,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和9.0~10μm粒径段.以3.3μm为粗细颗粒的分界线,不同监测点位PM10中粗、细颗粒所占比例均等.水溶性离子消光组分的浓度大小顺序为:SO42->NH4+>NO3-. SO42-、NO3-和NH4+均显单峰结构,SO42-和NH4+的峰值出现在0.4~1.1μm的粒径段,NO3-峰值出现在5.8~10μm粒径段.OC显单峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm粒径段;EC显双峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和2.1~3.3μm范围内.因而,要解决杭州的能见度问题,应减少细颗粒物,尤其是粒径<1.1μm的颗粒物的污染. NO3-、SO42-、OC和EC对杭州市颗粒物消光能力相对贡献率之比为2.2%:13.7%:29.8%:43.8%.因此要有效控制杭州市大气能见度的降低趋势, 首要的就是控制EC的主要排放源,即机动车尾气的排放.     

Porous media grain size distribution and hydrodynamic forces effects on transport and deposition of suspended particles

The effects of porous media grain size distribution on the transport and deposition of polydisperse suspended particles under different flow velocities were investigated. Selected Kaolinite particles(2–30 μm) and Fluorescein(dissolved tracer) were injected in the porous media by step input injection technique. Three sands filled columns were used: Fine sand,Coarse sand, and a third sand(Mixture) obtained by mixing the two last sands in equal weight proportion. The porous media performance on the particle removal was evaluated by analysing particles breakthrough curves, hydro-dispersive parameters determined using the analytical solution of convection–dispersion equation with a first order deposition kinetics, particles deposition profiles, and particle-size distribution of the recovered and the deposited particles. The deposition kinetics and the longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients are controlled by the porous media grain size distribution. Mixture sand is more dispersive than Fine and Coarse sands. More the uniformity coefficient of the porous medium is large, higher is the filtration efficiency. At low velocities, porous media capture all sizes of suspended particles injected with larger ones mainly captured at the entrance.A high flow velocity carries the particles deeper into the porous media, producing more gradual changes in the deposition profile. The median diameter of the deposited particles at different depth increases with flow velocity. The large grain size distribution leads to build narrow pores enhancing the deposition of the particles by straining.     

化学絮凝对造纸废水有机氯化物的作用研究

从絮凝过程中污染物高低分子量组分、毒性、ＣＯＤ值的变化，研究了制浆含氯漂白废水中絮凝对后续生化过程的协同效应，结果表明，化学沉淀处理可有效地去除废水中的高分子一分，降低废水的毒性，提高废水的生化性。     

絮凝-DAF(dissolved air floatation)工艺的化学因素与颗粒特征研究

研究了絮凝－DAF工艺的化学因素和颗粒特征。PAC类絮凝剂的碱化度B值越高，其荷电量和立体结构越显著，絮凝－DAF工艺的除浊效果越好；但除了絮凝剂的电中和能力外，其形成絮体的结构特征也对絮凝－DAF工艺有影响。随着投药量、絮凝搅拌强度和时间的增加，絮体都分别会趋于某一极值尺寸而后逐渐变小，且较大粒度的密实絮体才是与微气泡作用效果最好的絮体。此外，增加絮凝搅拌强度和延长时间都可能有利于水中颗粒的去除，且DAF出水中粒径越大的颗粒含量越少，其中大于15μm的颗粒极少，但2－4μm的颗粒数目时常多于原水。     

深圳市大气颗粒物分粒径有效密度及影响因素

为探究深圳市大气颗粒物分粒径有效密度变化特征及其影响因素,本文将离心颗粒物质量分析仪(CPMA)与差分电迁移粒径分析仪(DMA)联用,通过粒径筛分测定了2020年9月~2021年2月粒径范围为50~500nm的深圳市大气颗粒物分粒径有效密度.结果表明:深圳市大气颗粒物的中值有效密度范围在1.29~1.53g/cm³,颗粒物有效密度均随颗粒物粒径增加而增大,秋季有效密度略低于冬季.清洁时期,有效密度较低且观察到双峰分布,低密度颗粒物中值有效密度在0.70~0.80g/cm³范围内,表明存在新鲜排放的黑碳颗粒物,高密度颗粒物中值有效密度在1.3~1.5g/cm³范围内,介于二次无机颗粒物和有机物的材料密度之间,推测为二者混合状态.污染时期,不同粒径有效密度值增加且呈现单峰分布,表明颗粒物呈现内混态.在新粒子生成事件中,气态硝酸凝结可能是大气颗粒物后续粒径增长和有效密度增加的主要原因.     

半干旱区春季沙尘气溶胶谱分布的观测研究

为研究半干旱区沙尘细粒子的粒谱特征,利用WPS粒谱仪对内蒙古朱日和地区春季粒径为0.01~10.0mm的沙尘气溶胶进行了40多天的连续观测,得到不同天气条件下的气溶胶谱分布.研究表明,沙尘气溶胶有明显的日分布规律,不同天气背景下的沙尘气溶胶浓度变化特征不同,受气象要素影响较大.非沙尘日和沙尘日均有浓度变化较稳定的粒径段,沙尘日出现稳定粒径段的粒径小于非沙尘日,2种天气背景下的平均谱在0.07~0.20mm;非沙尘日、沙尘日和沙尘时段的气溶胶谱型在0.01~0.1mm、0.1~1.0mm和1.0~10mm 3个粒径段分布明显不同,分别符合对数正态分布、Lorentz分布和负指数分布.     

基于地基遥感数据的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱变化规律研究

利用多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计(Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer,MFRSR)测定了我国长江三角洲中部的太湖地区2008年5月至2009年4月期间415 nm、500 nm、615 nm、673 nm、870 nm波段的全天空总辐射、散射辐射和直接辐射通量密度,结合球形粒子的Mie散射理论反演了该地区大气气溶胶粒子谱,并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:受人为活动的影响,该地区工作日和非工作日气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的日变化存在明显的差异,工作日上午6:00-9:00时间内,细粒子的生成远大于非工作日这一期间细粒子的生成.太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度常年较高,500 nm波段的年平均值为0.8038±0.7924,夏季最大(0.9359±0.7389),冬季最小(0.6209±0.5500);气溶胶粒子谱表现出双峰分布,一种是位于半径0.15 μm附近的细模态,另一种是半径3μm左右的粗模态,且夏季和秋季细粒子较多,而其他季节粗粒子较多.气溶胶光学厚度以及气溶胶粒子谱分布的季节变化受到气象条件的显著影响.降水过程对大气气溶胶具有明显的冲刷作用,并且降水后大气气溶胶的增加与气溶胶粒子大小有关,积聚态粒子浓度的增加比粗模态粒子的增加更快.     

Chemical and biological flocculation process to treat municipal sewage and analysis of biological function

The pilot-scale experimental apparatus and the procedure of the chemical and biological flocculation process to verify the feasibility in treating Shanghai municipal sewage were introduced in this paper. In addition, the biological function of the process was discussed. The results of optimal running showed that in the reaction tank, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid(MLSS) was 2 g/L, hydraulic retention time(HRT) was 35 min, dosage of liquid polyaluminium chloride(PAC) was 60 mg/L, and the concentration of polyacrylamide(PAM) was 0.5 mg/L. The effluent average concentrations of CODcr, TP, SS and BOD5 were 50 mg/L, 0.62 mg/L, 18 mg/L, and 17 mg/L, respectively. These were better than the designed demand. In addition, the existence of biological degradation in this system was proven by several methods. The removal efficiencies of the chemical and biological flocculation process were 20% higher than that of the chemical flocculation process above at the same coagulant dosage. The treatment process under different situations was evaluated on a pilot-scale experiment, and the results provided magnificent parameters and optimal condition for future operation of the plant.     

混凝过程中流场结构的PIV测量与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)在不投加专用示踪粒子的条件下,以混凝絮体为示踪粒子,对Taylor-Couette反应器内的絮凝反应流场进行测量与表征.结果表明,内筒旋转雷诺数Re在900~2900时,流场中产生的涡具有相似的特殊波状涡结构,相邻涡旋形态大小发生周期性变化,涡间存在主流液体的移动,这种涡结构有利于絮体结合生长成较大的絮体颗粒,便于沉降而导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也证实PIV技术能够在进行混凝反应的同时,用混凝过程中的微絮体为示踪粒子对混凝过程进行流场测量,不必再额外添加示踪粒子,就能较好地反映混凝过程中涡旋的形态变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的同步测量与表征.     

化学絮凝与电絮凝调理污泥脱水性能影响作用的对比研究

电絮凝污泥调理是近年来发展起来的一种新型污泥预处理技术,具有破解污泥絮体、溶出胞外聚合物、改变污泥颗粒结构等作用,是实现后端污泥稳定化和减量化的有效手段.本研究比较了传统化学絮凝与电絮凝调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,深入分析了调理过程对污泥过滤性能、EPS组分和絮体结构的改变,并在此基础上优化了电絮凝操作条件.结果表明,以...