废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的研究

脱色处理是提高废食用油油品质量、利用其生产生物柴油的关键环节之一.研究餐饮废食用油活性炭吸附脱色工艺,考察典型木质活性炭和煤基活性炭对脱色效果的影响,并将活性炭结构、性能指标与其脱色能力进行关联.结果表明,以弱粘性煤和褐煤为原料制备的活性炭对废食用油脱色效果较好;活性炭的总孔容积、总比表面积、微孔比表面积、微孔容积、碘值和亚甲基蓝值等性能指标与脱色效果关联度不大,而活性炭的孔径和中孔容积是决定活性炭脱色效果的主要指标.优化后废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的主要参数是:活性炭用量7%,炭粒度100～300目,脱色温度90～120℃,吸附时间为30 min,搅拌速度为10 r/min,废食用油的脱色率在50%～65%.     

烟草工业废弃物中提取氨基酸

以生产烟碱及茄尼醇后的烟叶废渣为原料,采用酸水解及活性炭脱色处理提取氨基酸,研究了酸水解中HCl用量、水解时间以及活性炭脱色处理中活性炭处理方式、pH、活性炭用量、脱色温度和脱色时间等因素对氨基酸收率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,最佳水解条件:以6 mol/L HCl溶液为水解液,在120℃、料液比1∶18条件下,水解12 h,所得水解液经以下工艺脱色处理:0.25%KOH处理活性炭、pH=10、活性炭用量为2.5%、脱色温度80℃、脱色40 min,所得产物氨基酸收率86.65%,脱色率达84.31%。     

活性炭-双氧水催化氧化法深度处理DSD酸废水的研究

以活性炭为催化剂、H2O2为氧化剂的催化氧化技术来处理DSD酸母液树脂吸附出水。处理效果比单纯的活性炭吸附或H2O2氧化要好的多。在温度25℃，线速度0．10m／h，pH3．50，H2O2添加量0．35％，处理500mL水样后，脱色率达到90%以上，TOC去除率达到40．0％以上。     

Fe2+改性活性炭的制备及其对聚酯降解产物的脱色性能分析

针对聚酯降解产物的回收再利用问题,采用Fe~(2+)对活性炭进行浸渍改性,并用于聚酯降解产物的脱色。通过比表面积测定、TG分析对改性前后的活性炭进行了表征;研究了改性时Fe~(2+)浓度、超声时间及煅烧温度对活性炭的孔结构、表面官能团以及吸附性能的影响,并以此为基础,通过响应面实验优化了Fe~(2+)对活性炭的改性工艺。结果表明,在Fe~(2+)浓度为1.224 mol·L~(-1),超声时间为4.93 h,且无煅烧的条件下,改性活性炭对染料的平均脱色率最高,可达93.483 5%,可在2 h内实现对聚酯降解产物的完全脱色,且其吸附容量比未改性活性炭提高了1.8 mg·g~(-1)。对改性前后的活性炭进行吸附热力学与吸附动力学实验,发现二者的吸附特征符合Langmuir吸附等温模型及拟二级动力学模型,其决定系数分别为0.990 5、0.997 1及0.999 3、0.999 7。这说明染料在活性炭上的吸附为均一单层分布,吸附过程中包含化学反应。使用Fe~(2+)对活性炭进行浸渍改性后再对聚酯降解产物进行脱色,不仅能提高活性炭对染料的脱色效率,还能提高对其对染料的吸附容量。     

厕所污水回用脱色方法及机理研究

采用投加粉末活性炭对经膜生物反应器处理的厕所回用水(膜出水)进行脱色.对厕所回用水中色度物质的成分及分子量分布,对选定高效适用的活性炭及活性炭对厕所回用水中色度物质的去除机理进行了探讨.试验结果表明,使膜出水显色的物质是一类在紫外区有明显吸收或有特征吸收峰的有机物,且大部分物质分子量分布在6～60 KD的范围内.在选定有高效脱色效果的活性炭时,要综合考虑活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和焦糖脱色率2个指标,其中焦糖脱色率有着更重要的意义.厕所回用水脱色是对其各个分子量区间颜色物质去除效果的总和.     

厕所污水回用脱色方法及机理研究

采用投加粉末活性炭对经膜生物反应器处理的厕所回用水（膜出水）进行脱色.对厕所回用水中色度物质的成分及分子量分布,对选定高效适用的活性炭及活性炭对厕所回用水中色度物质的去除机理进行了探讨.试验结果表明,使膜出水显色的物质是一类在紫外区有明显吸收或有特征吸收峰的有机物,且大部分物质分子量分布在6～60 KD的范围内.在选定有高效脱色效果的活性炭时,要综合考虑活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和焦糖脱色率2个指标,其中焦糖脱色率有着更重要的意义.厕所回用水脱色是对其各个分子量区间颜色物质去除效果的总和.     

微波辐照麦秸制造活性炭

研究了微波辐照经氯化锌浸渍的麦秸制造活性炭。实验结果表明,经微波辐照８ｍｉｎ,所得到活性炭的亚甲蓝脱色力为１７０ｍＬ／ｇ,为国家标准一级品（ＬＹ２１６－７９）的１．４２倍,时间仅为传统方法的１／４５。     

偶氮染料直接大红GBE脱色细菌的筛选及研究

从保定市某印染厂曝气池废水中分离到一株对染料直接大红GBE有高效脱色效果的菌株HD－1，经鉴定，该菌为沙门氏菌属（Salmonella)，在25－37℃都有较高的脱色率，最佳脱色温度为37℃，在pH6－8范围内对染料具有明显的脱色效果，最佳脱色pH值为7.0，氧气对脱色具有一定的抑制作用。染料脱色产物的紫外－可见光谱分析表明，可见光区488nm处的吸收峰完全消失，而在紫外区出现了两个吸收峰。     

真菌和细菌对染料吸附脱色的高效共培养体系研究

在含有真菌G－1培养液中加入染料厂污水排放口的污泥样品，从发生快速脱色降解染料的混合培养液中分离出2株染料脱色细菌L－1和L－2，经API鉴定系统鉴定，确定菌株L－1为Enterobacter sp.，菌株L－2为Pseudomonas sp.,研究比较了单一和不同组合混合的真菌G－1菌株（Penicillium sp.)，细菌L－1菌株（Enterobacter sp.)和L－2菌株（Pseudomonas sp.)对偶氮染料红M－3BE（C.I.Reactive Red 241)和蒽醌染料艳蓝KN－R（C.I.Reactive Blue 19)的去除情况，发现G－1真菌和2种细菌组合的共培养体系对50mg/L红M－3BE和艳蓝KN－R处理5h去除率达100％和97．9％，并且是以脱色降解作用为主，建立了染料脱色降解菌的最佳组合，进一步测定了此最佳共培养体系对另外13种不同结构染料的脱色降解，结果表明，除对蒽醌染料R－478脱色降解较差外，对其他染料均可在1h-3d被完全脱色降解，表现出脱色降解染料的广谱性，向培养4d的共培养体系中依次加入8种染料，菌体可对染料连续脱色，维持脱色能力达8d左右。     

多维电极法处理高色度活性染料模拟废水影响因素分析

以活性嫩黄K-4G染料模拟废水为处理对象，采用多维电极法，考查了各种因素对多维电极系统处理活性染料时的脱色率、CODCr降解率的影响，结果表明，增多活性炭量、增大电流密度、延长电解时间和加入铁屑，都能使脱色率和CODCr降解率得到提高，电导率的变化对脱色率和CODCr降解率有一定影响。利用正交实验比较了各因素的相对影响大小。     

In vitro study of oxytetracycline adsorption on activated charcoal

In vitro adsorption experiments simulating pH in gastric environment and using Langmuir isotherm, showed that 408 mg of oxytetracycline was adsorbed per gram of activated charcoal. Langmuir isotherm fitted adsorption data better than a Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm showed a specific adsorption capacity of 518 mg/g for activated charcoal. Both isotherm parameters indicated a strong oxytetracycline adsorption on activated charcoal in terms of quantity and binding strength. The results demonstrate that the concomitant use of oxytetracyline and activated charcoal should be avoided.     

In vitro study of oxytetracycline adsorption on activated charcoal

Abstract

In vitro adsorption experiments simulating pH in gastric environment and using Langmuir isotherm, showed that 408 mg of oxytetracycline was adsorbed per gram of activated charcoal. Langmuir isotherm fitted adsorption data better than a Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm showed a specific adsorption capacity of 518 mg/g for activated charcoal. Both isotherm parameters indicated a strong oxytetracycline adsorption on activated charcoal in terms of quantity and binding strength. The results demonstrate that the concomitant use of oxytetracyline and activated charcoal should be avoided.     

Influence of air humidity on sampling efficiency of some solid adsorbents used for sampling organics from work-room air

The influence of air humidity on the sampling efficiency of Amberlite XAD porous polymers and activated charcoal was studied by determining the recovery of various organics at 20% and 85% relative humidity. The sampling efficiency of XAD-7 was found to decrease with increasing relative humidity, while the sampling efficiency of XAD-2 and activated charcoal was relatively unaffected for the compounds studied. Activated charcoal had a greater capacity than Amberlite XAD for several types of compounds, however.     

Decolourization of synthetic dyes by Trametes hirsuta in expanded-bed reactors

The present paper studies the decolourization of different synthetic dyes (Indigo Carmine, Bromophenol Blue, Methyl Orange and Poly R-478) by the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta at bioreactor scale under solid-state conditions, operating with ground orange peelings as a support-substrate. Dye decolourization was performed in both batch and continuous mode. Batch cultivation led to high decolourization percentages in a short time (100% for Indigo Carmine in 3h and 85% for Bromophenol Blue in 7 h). As for continuous cultivation, different hydraulic retention times (HRT) were studied (0.8, 1, 1.5 and 3d). The highest decolourization percentages were obtained operating at a HRT of 3d, especially for the dyes Methyl Orange and Poly R-478 (81.4% and 46.9%, respectively). This is a very interesting result, since there are few studies dealing with the continuous decolourization of dyes at bioreactor scale by fungal laccases.     

Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolourization by the laccase from Trametes trogii

The decolourization of the recalcitrant dye RBBR by the culture filtrate of Trametes trogii and its isolated laccase was investigated. Both filtrates from Cu-induced cultures as well as purified laccase decolourized the dye RBBR. The purified laccase decolourized the dye down to 97% of 100 mg l(-1) initial concentration of RBBR when only 0.2U ml(-1) of laccase was used in the reaction mixture. The effects of different physicochemical parameters were tested and optimal decolourization rates occurred at pH 5 and at a temperature of 50 degrees C. Decolourization of RBBR occurred in the presence of metal ions which could be found in textile industry effluents. Of all the metal ions tested, FeCl2 was the most inhibiting for the decolourization. HBT was shown to have no effect on the decolourization of RBBR at low concentration, while at a concentration of 5 mM it slightly inhibited decolourization. The presence of aromatic compounds was found to be inhibiting for the decolourization at a concentration of 10 mM, but not at 0.1 mM, while at 1 mM only ortho-diphenols were inhibiting. Probing the effect of methanol it was found that higher concentrations caused a decrease in the decolourization rate of RBBR. The effect of laccase inhibitors on the decolourization of RBBR was tested with L-cysteine, SDS and EDTA. It was demonstrated that L-cysteine was the most inhibiting substrate for the decolourization while SDS was only inhibiting at 10 mM concentration and ETDA was not inhibiting at all tested concentrations.     

Evaluation of solid sorbents for sampling nitroglycerin,ethylene glycol dinitrate and isopropyl nitrate in work-room air

Activated charcoal, Amberlite XAD-2, and Amberlite XAD-7 have been evaluated for the solid sampling of airborne nitroglycerin, ethylene glycol dinitrate and isopropyl nitrate. With the use of diethyl ether for solvent desorption, XAD-2 was found superior for sampling nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate. Both XAD-7 and activated charcoal gave high recoveries for isopropyl nitrate; charcoal had a greater capacity than XAD-7 for this compound, however.     

Adsorbent selection for endosulfan removal from water environment

In the present study, an attempt was made to select a low cost adsorbing material for the removal of endosulfan [C,C'-(1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-8,9,10- trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylene)(dimethylsulphite)] from water. Various low cost adsorbents like wood charcoal, kimberlite tailings, silica, macro fungi sojar caju were tried with activated charcoal as reference material. The above materials were selected from various sources encompassing organic, inorganic, clayey, and biological sources. For the selection of suitable adsorbent for endosulfan uptake, maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) was chosen as the parameter. Kinetic profiles of removal were generated for all the materials to assess the equilibrium time. Equilibrium studies were carried out for all materials to assess the adsorption equilibrium model that they followed. The model that gave the best correlation coefficient by linear regression analysis, was adopted for the calculation of Qmax of the corresponding adsorbent material. Using linearised forms of equilibrium models like Langmuir, BET, and Freundlich, maximum adsorptive capacities were determined. Activated charcoal showed the best adsorptive capacity with Qmax of 2.145 mg/g followed by wood charcoal 1.773 mg/g, sojar caju 1.575 mg/g, kimberlite tailings 0.8821 mg/g, and silica 0.3231 mg/g. Albeit activated charcoal gave better performance, it was not considered as a candidate material because of its high cost. Wood charcoal was the next best adsorbent with Qmax 1.773 mg/g. Therefore, wood charcoal was chosen as the best material for endosulfan removal. The study of physical and chemical characteristics of wood charcoal revealed that it is a potential adsorbent and can even be improved further.     

白腐菌J-6对五类化学结构染料的脱色性能

从白腐菌中筛出了一株能对五类不同化学结构的染料进行高效脱色的菌株——J-6。通过采用“批式”摇床培养法,测定染料脱色率,从而确定该菌株能高效脱色的最佳培养时间和连续处理染料的能力。发酵培养96h的菌体可使活性艳蓝R(A)SP在5h内脱色率达95％以上;活性翠蓝G、活性黑GRP、混合染料在9h内脱色率达90％以上;孔雀绿、Po1yR-478在24h内脱色率分别达95％、90％以上。另外,J-6对不同染料最佳脱色时间和最终脱色效率与菌体本身发酵培养的时间长短和染料的种类紧密相关。J6处理能力强,连续处理4次染料后仍保持较高的脱色率。     

Influence of redox mediators and metal ions on synthetic acid dye decolourization by crude laccase from Trametes hirsuta

In this paper, the effect of redox mediators on synthetic acid dye decolourization (Sella Solid Red and Luganil Green) by laccase from Trametes hirsuta cultures has been investigated. All the redox mediators tested, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), led to higher activities than those obtained without mediators addition showing the suitability of the laccase/mediator system (LMS) in the decolourization of acid dyes. HBT was by far the most effective mediator, showing a decolourization percentage of 88% in 10 min for Sella Solid Red and of 49% in 20 min for Luganil Green. On the other hand, the stability of laccase against several metal ions, normally found in textile wastewater, was assessed. Laccase was stable at a concentration of 1mM for 7d against all the metal ions tested except for Zn+2, CrO4(-2), Cd+2, Cr2O7(-2), Fe+2, Cu+2 and especially Hg+2. When the concentration was increased to 10mM laccase stability decreased against all the metals assayed, in particular against Fe+2. In addition, the effect of metal ions on the decolourization process was also studied. It was found that Hg+2 inhibited the dye decolourization process, being the presence of HBT absolutely required for dye decolourization.     

Sampling of epichlorohydrin and ethylene chlorohydrin in workroom air using Amberlite XAD-7 resin

Activated charcoal, Amberlite XAD-2 and Amberlite XAD-7 were evaluated for the adsorption of epichlorohydrin and ethylene chlorohydrin from air followed by desorption with solvent. Ethylene chlorohydrin was found to be unstable on activated charcoal in the presence of carbon disulfide. Recoveries from XAD-2 were low, and XAD-7 was found to be the best adsorbent for the sampling of these compounds from air.