活性白土对餐饮业废油脂脱色工艺的探索

选用活性白土对餐饮业废油脂进行脱色研究,对脱色率的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出活性白土的最佳脱色条件：活性白土用量5％;初始脱色温度60C;终止脱色温度120C;脱色时间25min。     

棉花染色厂活性染料染色废水处理试验研究

染料、印染废水水质复杂、色度深，有机污染物含量高等特点，用常规的物化及生物处理比较困难。利用新型的混凝剂，对活性红染料废水进行了脱色处理，色度去除效果比较好，处理后水质达到排放标准。     

活性黑5脱色菌的分离鉴定及其脱色特性

从改良A2O反应器的厌氧污泥中分离得到1株活性黑5的脱色菌菌株GY-1,经过对其菌落形态、生化特性以及16SrDNA基因序列的分析,该菌株初步鉴定为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)。考察生长条件对活性黑5脱色的影响,得出该菌株对活性黑5脱色的最佳条件:接种量为8%(体积分数)、初始pH为7.0、温度为35℃。在该条件下,菌株GY-1对不同初始浓度活性黑5的脱色反应过程进行动力学分析,在活性黑5初始质量浓度为25~100 mg/L时符合一级反应动力学特征。     

一组优势菌对活性染料的脱色研究

本文作者从成功运用“优势菌处理工业废水技术”的某织染公司水解池中取得10株纯菌。为了解该系统保持稳定脱色效果的原因，对分离到的10株纯菌进行进一步的脱色研究。分别对10株纯菌的完整细胞及其细胞破碎液进行活性染料的脱色实验，结果发现这10株菌均具有较高脱色率，且其混合菌群完整细胞的脱色效果优于各单株菌。混合菌群及各单株菌破碎细胞脱色实验结果与完整细胞的结果一致。     

丝光废碱液净化处理工艺研究

为了循环利用牛仔布丝光加工工艺过程产生的废碱液,实验采用臭氧、双氧水以及二氧化锰为净化脱色剂对废碱液进行了脱色净化的研究,结果表明选用的3种脱色剂均有效果,以臭氧效果最佳。因此,重点探讨了臭氧的净化脱色工艺及条件,对于碱浓度为80 g/L的丝光废碱液,当臭氧曝气量为0.25 m3/h、接触反应时间为4 h时,脱色率可达到99.3%,经臭氧净化的废碱液能在牛仔布丝光工艺中循环使用。     

活性染料为主的印染废水混凝脱色试验研究

通过对上海第一丝绸印染厂以活性染料为主的印染废水应用硫酸亚铁,碱式氯化铝加聚丙烯酰胺进行大量混凝脱色实验,对脱色机理,脱色影响因素,控制条件等问题进行了试验研究。     

蒽醌生产中废硫酸的萃取脱色处理

以萃取法对蒽醌生产中的废硫酸进行脱色处理,优化选择工对脱色工艺进行初步的探讨。处理前的废硫酸色度约５０００倍,ＣＯＤ浓度约３００００ｍｇ／Ｌ,经过萃取脱色后色度低于１５０倍,去除率〉９７％,ＣＯＤ浓度约２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率约为９９％,硫酸含量约４０％。同活性炭吸附等方法相比,该萃取法具有操作简单,成本低,处理效果好的特点。     

铁阳极电化学对直接大红4BE模拟废水脱色

对铁阳极电化学处理直接大红4BE染料废水脱色率和脱色能耗的影响因素进行研究。考察了电流密度、染料溶液初始pH值、染料初始浓度和支持电解质Na2SO4浓度对脱色性能的影响。结果表明,电流密度、染料废水初始pH、染料初始浓度、支持电解质浓度对脱色率和脱色能耗产生较大影响。在电流密度1.667 mA/cm2、pH值6.54、染料浓度50mg/L、Na2SO4浓度0.01 mol/L、温度20℃、搅拌速度600 r/min、电解时间60 min条件下,脱色率达到92.1%,脱色能耗1.298 kWh/kg染料、铁阳极消耗量41 mg/400 mL染料模拟废水。     

新型阳离子絮凝剂KD-1在活性印染废水处理中的应用研究

以双氰胺、甲醛为主要原料，以硫酸铝为催化剂并引入添加剂合成了新型阳离子絮凝剂-双氰胺-甲醛树脂(KD-1)。报道了用KD-1对以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水进行混凝脱色试验。结果表明，用KD-1处理以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水，其CODcr，去除率≥80％，脱色率≥98％。该絮凝剂对降低废水中的化学需氧量和色度方面具有显著的效果。     

孔雀石绿脱色菌M6的脱色特性与系统发育分析

研究了温度、初始菌细胞数、孔雀石绿浓度、振荡速度对脱色菌M6脱色孔雀石绿的影响,并通过邻接法对脱色菌M6进行了系统发育分析。结果表明:(1)脱色菌M6对孔雀石绿脱色的最佳温度为30℃,最佳振荡速度为200 r/min。(2)随着初始菌细胞数的增大,脱色菌M6对孔雀石绿的脱色率明显升高。当初始菌细胞数为1.5×102~1.5×106cfu/mL时,脱色菌M6对孔雀石绿的脱色率均不低于86.92%;当初始菌细胞数大于1.5×104cfu/mL时,脱色率均高于90%。(3)当孔雀石绿质量浓度为12.5~400.0 mg/L时,脱色菌M6对孔雀石绿具有良好的脱色特性,脱色率均在93%以上。(4)脱色菌M6的16S rDNA序列与GenBank基因库中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)菌株的16S rDNA序列有98%~99%的高度同源性,而且与恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudo-monas putida)菌株JM9(登录号:FJ493139.1)的亲缘关系最近。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.