以PHBV为碳源和生物膜载体的生物反硝化研究

采用了一种可生物降解聚合物(BDP)聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)作为碳源和生物膜载体去除水体中的硝酸盐.结果表明:以PHBV为碳源和载体的反硝化系统启动时间短,硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)去除率高于93%;水力停留时间(HRT)对反硝化效果影响显著,但反硝化系统对进水硝酸盐氮负荷具有较好的抗冲击能力;出水DOC(溶解性有机碳)浓度低于27.5mg/L,表明PHBV具有一定的控释碳源的能力;反应器不同高度脱氮效果差异显著,反应器中层(10-15cm) 处获得最大NO3--N去除率.     

Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge

Effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated.Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess to the PHB saturation of poly-P bacteria, residual COD carried over to anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Simultaneously, phosphate uptake continued until all nitrate was removed, following a slow endogenous release of phosphate. High nitrate concentration in anoxic phase increased the initial denitrffying phosphorus rate. Once the nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the denitrificaion and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.     

有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能及微生物群落的影响

为考察有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能的影响,采用MPN（most probable number）法和高通量测序技术,结合处理效果数据,对比分析了有无有机物影响下生物膜中微生物群落差异.试验表明：在进水有机物（COD）为30和60 mg·L^-1作用下,总氮去除率与进水COD为0 mg·L^-1时的84.10%相比较分别提高了5.08%和10.41%;COD为90 mg·L^-1时,总氮去除率降至89.05%.由MPN法和高通量测序结果可知,相对于无有机物,60 mg·L^-1有机物使反应器中反硝化菌数量增加,浮霉菌门和变形菌门丰度明显提高,且微生物群落更加丰富.有机物能影响反应器中厌氧氨氧化、反硝化脱氮效能及微生物菌落丰度,适宜的有机物浓度可使厌氧氨氧化与反硝化作用有效耦合,提高反应器的脱氮效能.本研究可为厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器处理含有机物的实际污水提供参考价值.     

锯末+乙醇作为混合碳源去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响因素研究

本试验采用室内试验装置,研究了 pH、温度、硝酸盐浓度对锯末+乙醇作为混合碳源去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响结果表明,pH值在5～10内变化时对锯末+乙醇混合碳源体系的硝酸盐去除率影响较大,pH ＞7时的硝酸盐去除率明显高于pH ＜7时的去除率;并且随着pH值的增加,亚硝酸盐的积累量越多,锯末+乙醇混合碳源体系最佳的pH值范围是7～8.锯末+乙醇混合碳源体系受温度的影响较大,温度为8.5、15℃时的反硝化速率显著低于25℃时的速率,25℃时的反硝化速率分别是8.5、15℃时的3倍和1.5倍,锯末+乙醇混合碳源体系适宜的温度范围为25 ～35℃进水硝酸盐浓度也会影响锯末+乙醇混合碳源体系的反硝化效果,硝酸盐氮浓度在67.8 ～113 mg·L-1范围内变化时,反应体系的硝酸盐去除效果较好反应初期,硝酸盐浓度越大混合碳源体系的反硝化速率就越低,可能较大的硝酸盐负荷对反硝化细菌产生毒害作用而不利于硝酸盐的去除.     

Effect of denitrifying bacteria on the electrochemical reaction of activated carbon fiber in electrochemical biofilm system

An electrochemical-activated denitrifying biofilm system consisting of activated carbon fiber electrodes immobilized with denitrifying bacteria film as cathode was studied. A revised model for an electrochemical-activated denitrifying biofilm was developed and validated by electrochemical analysis of cathodal polarization curves and nitrate consumption rate. The cathodal polarization curve and nitrate consumption rate were introduced to verify the rate of electrochemical reaction and the activity of denitrifying bacteria, respectively. It was shown that the denitrification process effectively strengthened the electrochemical reaction while the electron also intensified denitrification activity. Electron was transferred between electrochemical process and biological process not only by hydrogen molecule but also by new produced active hydrogen atom. Additionally, a parameter of apparent exchange current density was deprived from the cathodal polarization curve with high overpotential, and a new bio-effect current density was defined through statistical analysis, which was linearly dependent to the activity of denitrification bacteria. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrode was also found to be more suitable to the electrochemical denitrifying system compared with graphite and platinum. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(7): 501–504 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

Forecasting of dissolved oxygen in the Guanting reservoir using an optimized NGBM (1,1) model

An optimized nonlinear grey Bernoulli model was proposed by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the parameter optimization problem. In addition, each item in the first-order accumulated generating sequence was set in turn as an initial condition to determine which alternative would yield the highest forecasting accuracy. To test the forecasting performance, the optimized models with different initial conditions were then used to simulate dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Guanting reservoir inlet and outlet (China). The empirical results show that the optimized model can remarkably improve forecasting accuracy, and the particle swarm optimization technique is a good tool to solve parameter optimization problems. What's more, the optimized model with an initial condition that performs well in in-sample simulation may not do as well as in out-of-sample forecasting.     

Forecasting of dissolved oxygen in the Guanting reservoir using an optimized NGBM (1,1) model

An optimized nonlinear grey Bernoulli model was proposed by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the parameter optimization problem. In addition, each item in the first-order accumulated generating sequence was set in turn as an initial condition to determine which alternative would yield the highest forecasting accuracy. To test the forecasting performance, the optimized models with different initial conditions were then used to simulate dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Guanting reservoir inlet and outlet (China). The empirical results show that the optimized model can remarkably improve forecasting accuracy, and the particle swarm optimization technique is a good tool to solve parameter optimization problems. What's more, the optimized model with an initial condition that performs well in in-sample simulation may not do as well as in out-of-sample forecasting.     

Forecasting of dissolved oxygen in the Guanting reservoir using an optimized NGBM (1,1) model

An optimized nonlinear grey Bernoulli model was proposed by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the parameter optimization problem. In addition, each item in the first-order accumulated generating sequence was set in turn as an initial condition to determine which alternative would yield the highest forecasting accuracy. To test the forecasting performance, the optimized models with different initial conditions were then used to simulate dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Guanting reservoir inlet and outlet(China). The empirical results show that the optimized model can remarkably improve forecasting accuracy, and the particle swarm optimization technique is a good tool to solve parameter optimization problems. What's more, the optimized model with an initial condition that performs well in in-sample simulation may not do as well as in out-of-sample forecasting.     

Effect of nitrate concentration on filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen in an airlift inner circular anoxic-aerobic incorporate reactor

This laboratory research investigated a possible cause of filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen conditions (dissolved oxygen value in aerobic zone maintained between 0.6-0.8 mgO2 /L) in an airlift inner-circular anoxic-aerobic reactor. During the operating period, it was observed that low nitrate concentrations affected sludge volume index significantly. Unlike the existing hypothesis, the batch tests indicated that filamentous bacteria (mainly Thiothrix sp.) could store nitrate temporarily under carbon restricted conditions. When nitrate concentration was below 4 mg/L, low levels of carbon substrates and dissolved oxygen in the aerobic zone stimulated the nitrate-storing capacity of filaments. When filamentous bacteria riched in nitrate reached the anoxic zone, where they were exposed to high levels of carbon but limited nitrate, they underwent denitrification. However, when nonfilamentous bacteria were exposed to similar conditions, denitrification was restrained due to their intrinsic nitrate limitation. Hence, in order to avoid filamentous bulking, the nitrate concentration in the return sludge (from aerobic zone to the anoxic zone) should be above 4 mg/L, or alternatively, the nitrate load in the anoxic zone should be kept at levels above 2.7 mg NO-3N/g SS.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

补充碳源提取液对人工湿地脱氮作用的影响

为了提高人工湿地的脱氮效率,在不同条件下分别对美人蕉、香蒲及稻杆进行稀硫酸水解,以获得相应碳源提取液.正交实验表明,稀硫酸浓度的提高和水解时间的增加都会导致碳源释碳能力的提高,稻杆在5%稀硫酸溶液中水解30 min以上,释碳能力最高.通过观察,前2 d是系统脱氮反应高峰时段.对以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源的脱氮过程,随C/N比升高,NO₃^--N和TN去除率增长明显;而NH₄⁺-N受溶解氧制约,去除有限;随C/N比升高,碳源对系统溶解氧的竞争会进一步抑制硝化反应的彻底进行.而对以NO₃^--N为氮源的反硝化过程,补充碳源对TN和NO₃^--N的去除有明显作用;TN去除率由54%提高到95%,NO₃^--N去除率由48%提高到96%;中间产物NO₂^--N的积累与NO₃^--N去除率有关;当NO₃^--N去除率较高时,NO₂^--N无积累.此外,基质反硝化强度也随C/N比升高呈上升趋势,湿地填料细沙层的反硝化强度略高于碎石层.     

溶解氧对Anammox滤池内功能菌群及活性的影响

针对目前厌氧氨氧化系统内微生物的研究,主要以厌氧氨氧化菌本身这一情况,本研究对长期稳定运行的Anammox滤池内微生物菌群结构进行了测定,同时测试与分析了滤池内厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)、氨氧化菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)和反硝化菌(DNB)的关键动力学常数,探究了溶解氧(DO)浓度从0.2mg/L增加至1...     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on methane production from bottom sediment in a eutrophic stratified lake

Clarifying the role of sulfate and dissolved oxygen (DO) in methane production may allow for precise and accurate modeling of methane emissions in eutrophic lakes. We conducted field observations of sulfate, methane, and DO concentrations in Lake Abashiri, a typical brackish and eutrophic lake in a cold region, to develop a DO-based method for quantitively estimating methane production in a eutrophic lake and analyzed the results. We found that sulfate concentrations decreased rapidly from 900.0 mg/L in water overlying the sediments to nearly 0.0 mg/L in the bottom sediment. Methane production was almost uniform across sediment depths of 0.05 to 0.25 m, ranging from 1400 to 1800 µmol/m²/day. Also, methane production was found to be a function of DO concentrations in water overlying the bottom and could be modeled by a logistic function: constant production at 1,400 µmol/m²/day for DO concentrations of 0.0 to 3.0 mg/L, rapidly decreasing to 0 µmol/m²/day for DO concentrations of 3.0 to 6.0 mg/L. This methane model was verified using a simple one-dimensional numerical model that showed good agreement with field observations. Our results thus suggest that the proposed methane model reduces uncertainty in estimating methane production in a eutrophic lake.     

基于水化学及氮氧同位素技术的硝酸盐来源解析——以鄱阳湖湿地为例

为了识别鄱阳湖湿地水体中硝酸盐污染的来源,转化特征和各污染来源的贡献比例,选取枯水期这一典型时期,于2019年1月份对鄱阳湖中的蚌湖湿地,沙湖山湿地和庐山湿地的地表水进行取样,并测定了水样中的离子组成和硝酸盐氮氧同位素值.研究结果显示, NO3-/Cl-物质的量浓度比值与Cl-浓度的关系表明3处湿地中硝酸盐来源可能受到农业活动和降雨的影响.蚌湖,沙湖山和庐山湿地水体中δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-值的范围分别为-6.19‰～4.67‰和3.41‰～39.95‰,-4.14‰～1.45‰和31.54‰～68.30‰,-6.98‰～3.83‰和2.80‰～30.43‰,硝酸盐氮氧同位素值表明3处湿地硝酸盐来源可能受到降水NO3-,硝酸盐氮肥,氨态氮肥和土壤有机氮的影响.利用硝酸盐氮氧同位素之间的关系,并结合NO3-与Cl-比值关系判断湿地中无明显反硝化作用的发生.SIAR模型结果显示:蚌湖湿地,沙湖山湿地,庐山湿地硝酸盐来源中降水NO3-贡献占比最大,其次是化肥,土壤有机氮,粪便和生活污水贡献占比最小.     

低DO对活性污泥系统碳和氮去除影响的研究

考察了长期低溶解氧（DO）条件下推流式活性污泥系统碳和氮去除的效果,并从微生物群落结构及动力学特征方面进行了机理分析. 结果表明, 将DO浓度从2.0mg/L降低至0.3mg/L,系统仍可有效地去除污水中的碳和氮,但当DO降低至0.3mg/L时, 系统的脱氮性能波动较大. 随着DO浓度的降低, 系统中细菌的总体群落结构发生改变, 但功能菌群仍为Proteobacteria,约占65%.Nitrosomonas oligotropha、Nitrobacter winogradskyi spp.和Group1Nitrospira等是低溶解氧条件下的主要硝化细菌. qPCR结果显示DO从2.0mg/L降至0.5mg/L时硝化细菌（主要是Nitrospira）得到富集, 保证了低DO条件下的完全硝化. 硝化反应动力学分析也表明, 在一定范围内降低DO可以延迟细菌衰亡以维持活性污泥系统中硝化细菌的生物量. 本研究可为污水处理厂降低DO实现节能运行提供理论支持.     

Effect of the addition of organic carbon sources on nitrous oxide emission in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) sequencing batch reactors

The effect of additional organic carbon sources on the production of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) real wastewater treatment system was investigated. In this paper, three laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) (SBR-1, SBR-2 and SBR-3) were operating under an anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen, 0.15–0.45 mg·L⁻¹) configuration. The SBRs were ‘long-term cultured’ respectively with a single municipal wastewater sample, sodium acetate, and a waste-activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as the additional carbon sources of real wastewater. Off-gas analysis showed that N₂O was emitted into the atmosphere during the aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) period in the three SBRs, and the order of N₂O emission rate was SBR-2>SBR-1>SBR-3. It was observed that the higher poly-β-hydroxyvalerate fraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates, the lower glycogen transformation and less nitrite accumulation was in SBR-3, while the opposite behavior was observed in SBR-2. Further research indicated that the interaction of the factors above potentially affected the N₂O emission in the anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) system.     

溶解氧对HLB-MR反应器内有机物的生物絮凝影响

为了研究溶解氧（DO）对高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器（HLB-MR）内有机物生物絮凝规律的影响,采用平行对比实验,考察了不同DO条件下反应器内有机物的生物絮凝效果、胞外聚合物（EPS）含量、金属阳离子浓度和微生物群落结构.结果表明：DO浓度分别为1~2mg/L和6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器的絮凝效率分别为83%和89%,两反应器内上清液的浊度差别也进一步证实,较高的DO浓度下,反应器的生物絮凝效果更好.DO浓度在6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器内结合态EPS和自由态EPS的含量分别为15.64mg/（g·VSS）和8.71mg/L,两者均显著高于DO为1~2mg/L时的11.83mg/（g·VSS）和6.56mg/L,反应器浓缩液中镁和铝的浓度也均明显高于低DO浓度时所对应的值,这说明在高DO条件下,有更多的EPS与金属阳离子结合而固定在污泥基质中,促进了生物絮凝.高通量测序表明,DO浓度分别为1~2mg/L和6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器内细菌的群落结构差异明显,高DO浓度反应器底泥中Actinobacteria和Saccharibacteria的相对丰度较高,可能对生物絮凝有促进作用.     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

污水有机碳源特征及温度对反硝化聚磷的影响

为考察A2N连续流系统的主导生化反应过程及聚磷污泥的诸多特性,从而为反硝化除磷脱氮新工艺的应用推广提供可供参考的运行控制参数,首次采用A2N系统中的反硝化聚磷污泥(DPB污泥),以生活污水、乙酸以及细胞内碳源作为有机底物,利用批量静态试验展开对比研究结果表明,污水中的挥发性有机物含量越高,厌氧段初始的放磷速率越快,放磷越充分,后续反硝化脱氮和缺氧吸磷效果也将明显提高;而内源反硝化脱氮速率决定于细胞内PHB贮存量,当反硝化聚磷微生物细胞体内的PHB被耗尽,微生物处于极度饥饿状态,内源反硝化速率很低,同时也不发生吸磷反应.试验同时考察分析了2种温度条件--正常温度(25～26℃)和低温(8～10℃)下DPB的反硝化吸磷情况,发现反应系统在低温条件下将减小厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷的生化反应速率,但并不对反硝化聚磷菌产生完全抑制作用,即低温对系统整体吸磷效果的负面影响不大.     

排水造林对小兴安岭湿地土壤溶解性有机碳生物降解和淋溶的影响

以小兴安岭湿地为研究对象,分析了不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量变化及生物降解特征,探讨了排水造林时间对土壤DOC及无机氮(NH+4-N+NO-3-N)淋溶动态变化的影响.结果表明:1排水造林时间对土壤DOC含量变化影响显著(p0.05).2003年(PS03)、1992年(PS92)、1985年(PS85)排水造林后的人工兴安落叶松湿地土壤DOC含量均低于未排水造林的天然兴安落叶松苔草湿地(XATC),且排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC含量越少.2在生物降解过程中,土壤DOC的变化趋势表现为初期降解速率较快,而后逐渐减慢并趋于稳定.其中周转时间为1 d的易降解DOC所占比重表现为:PS92XATCPS03PS85,表明排水时间达到一定阈值后,易降解DOC部分可能会转化为难降解部分.3在淋溶过程中,随着淋溶次数的增加,淋出液中DOC含量呈现为先增加后减小的趋势,淋溶1 d后,不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤DOC的淋失率表现为:PS85PS92PS03XATC,表明排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC淋失率越大,因此长时间的排水造林改造可能进一步影响土壤养分的贮量及其有效性.