基于两相流模型数值研究可燃颗粒燃烧爆轰的特性

粉尘爆炸是工业爆炸灾害的重要形式。建立可燃颗粒非均相系统的燃烧爆轰模型,基于Eulerian-Eulerian数值描述方法,采取有限差分方法编制非均相系统燃烧和爆轰发展的数值模拟程序,对封闭空间内两相非定常爆轰过程进行研究。数值分析可燃颗粒尺度、颗粒浓度对非均相系统燃烧、爆轰特性的影响。结果表明:在一定的范围内,当可燃颗粒的体积分数为10%,粒径0.5mm时,流场的燃烧爆轰效应最强。即10.6ms时刻,流场压力值达到28MPa,温度高达2600K,颗粒燃烧效率最高。     

氢氧爆轰电离模型研究

提出了利用氢能的脉冲爆轰波磁流体发电的设想,发电系统可以解决一般磁流体发电中的高温耐热材料问题和排渣问题.对脉冲爆轰磁流体发电中的核心参数——爆轰产物的电导率进行了理论研究.应用稳态爆轰的ZND理论和局部热力学平衡的热电离理论建立了爆轰产物电导率的计算模型,计算了不同初始压力下当量氢氧混合气体的爆轰电导率.模型计算结果与实验数据基本吻合.同时利用该模型预测了爆轰温度与氢气和氧气的混合比对爆轰产物电导率的影响.研究发现,爆轰产物的平衡电导率主要由爆轰温度决定,氢气与氧气的混合比在接近当量比的时候可以取得最大爆轰电导率,混合气体初始压力对爆轰电导率影响不大,当量氢氧混合气体的爆轰电导率在10-3～10-1 S/m范围内.     

手持砂轮打磨金属粉尘微观特征研究

粉尘微观特征对职业健康危害及粉尘的宏观运动存在一定影响。以轨道交通工具生产企业手持砂轮打磨产生的碳钢、不锈钢、铝粉尘为研究对象,利用激光粒度仪、电子显微镜(SEM)对粉尘颗粒大小、颗粒分布特征及形貌特征进行分析,初步探讨了打磨对象的材料和打磨工艺对粉尘颗粒及微观形貌的影响、打磨产生的沉降性粉尘与空气中粉尘粒度及形貌的区别。结果表明,手持砂轮打磨的金属粉尘颗粒以粗颗粒为主;金属材料物理机械性能是影响粉尘颗粒及形貌的主要因素;同一打磨岗位上产生的沉降性粉尘与空气中漂浮粉尘的形貌特征一致,只在颗粒尺度上有差别。     

气相爆轰实验系统设计

设计了一套内径139 mm、总长10 m的气体、粉尘爆轰管道式反应装置,装置由试验管道系统、测试系统、辅助实验系统和控制系统4部分构成。测试系统包括高频响动态压力传感器、火焰传感器、超动态应变仪、数据采集卡、高速摄像系统等设备,以便测试可燃气体、粉尘的爆轰参数和管道的动力学响应特征参数。实验装置可用于可燃气云和粉尘的燃烧、爆炸特性以及爆轰波对结构加载作用的研究,研究成果可用于燃气输送管道的设计、校核,为安全生产保驾护航。     

工业粉尘“二次爆炸”过程研究

开展了工业粉尘“二次爆炸”过程实验室研究工作。对玉米淀粉、小麦粉等粮食粉尘进行了研究，得到了“二次爆炸”发展过程以及最后形成的爆轰波特性，还进一步研究了粉尘层冲击波卷扬过程和分析讨论了粉尘“二次爆炸”过程的影响因素。     

气体爆轰波在管道中绕射和反射的实验研究

本文实验研究了氢/氧/氩气体爆轰波在矩形管中900尖角绕射时的传播特性,利用烟迹技术记录了实验现象,运用爆轰波波阵面结构理论和激波绕射及反射理论对实验结果作了分析。结果表明平面气体爆轰波在900尖角绕射时由于横波失去碰撞以及稀疏波作用,稳定三波结构在绕射区发生变化,在反射激波作用下形成热点产生子爆炸,重新在垂直分支管中形成稳定爆轰波。     

初始温度和初始压力对气体爆轰参数影响的研究

利用已有的气体爆炸模型和包含初始压力、初始温度的气体爆轰参数的计算公式,从理论上研究初始压力和初始温度对气体爆轰参数的影响情况。使用VisualBasic语言编写计算程序,将计算值与文献值进行对比,具有较好的一致性。以甲烷-空气混合物为例,计算在98000Pa,280～400K及298K,0.1～0.5MPa的气体爆轰参数。计算结果表明,初始压力一定,混合物的爆轰压随初始温度的升高而减小,爆轰波速增大;初始温度一定,混合物的爆轰压随初始压力的增大而增大,爆轰波速基本不变;在初始温度和初始压力两个影响因素中,初始压力对混合物爆轰参数的影响明显大于初始温度。     

选煤厂暗道多热源叠加作用对通风排尘特性的影响

为探究选煤厂输煤暗道多热源叠加作用对粉尘颗粒瞬态扩散的影响,采用热-流-固三场耦合理论,利用Fluent软件对通风排尘供暖过程中空间温度分布情况和粉尘颗粒瞬态扩散过程进行模拟研究,并在平朔安家岭选煤厂2125暗道进行试验。模拟结果表明:在内部热源辐射散热的影响下,暗道空间内靠近热源区域形成了明显的温度梯度;热泳力加剧了粉尘颗粒沉积效果,粉尘颗粒更易积聚在设备表面或地面,下部区域粉尘质量浓度高达394 mg/m3。现场试验表明:暗道空间各测点温度的模拟值与实测值基本吻合,验证了热-流-固耦合方法分析封闭空间内多污染热源通风供暖排尘过程中热源散热、气流场流动和粉尘颗粒动力场的三场耦合关系是正确的;明确暗道空间粉尘颗粒逸散特征,对提高降尘效果具有重要意义。     

粉尘爆炸研究方向初探

本文从现有的对粉尘爆炸特性的认识出发,分析了粉尘云特性,粉尘爆炸与爆轰,湍流对反应波阵面的加速几个方面,提出了近期应该在粉尘爆炸参数测试技术标准化、粉尘指数K_(st)、粉尘爆燃转炸轰的过程、泄炸机理以及控炸装置和控炸设计规范等方面的研究上下功夫,以便更有效地利用现有的试验条件,更快、更多、更好地解决工程实际问题。     

温压炸药弹内爆轰特性试验研究

研究温压炸药爆炸初期弹内爆炸波作用过程,可以进一步分析温压炸药分散爆轰的作用机理,为温压炸药武器设计和系统优化提供可靠依据.设计了用测时法研究温压炸药爆轰波传播速度的试验装置,并用探针对相同组分和密度条件下、温压战斗部弹内爆炸初期的爆炸作用过程进行了对比试验,记录了触发时间信号,计算并分析了温压炸药弹内爆炸波的传播特性,得到了波阵面与弹径方向夹角α的变化规律.试验结果表明,温压炸药的爆轰波传播速度为4.632km/s,其弹内爆轰波的传播特性与中心高能分散药的爆轰波有密切联系,通过合理设计弹体结构和比药量,可以实现温压炸药的分散爆轰,提高温压炸药的爆炸威力.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。