正念对应急疏散行为:风险感知和自我效能的中介作用*

为明确正念对应急疏散行为的影响机制,提高应急疏散效率,构建包含应急正念、风险感知、自我效能、掩蔽效应和应急疏散行为的概念模型,基于调查问卷结果,利用结构方程模型进行实证研究。研究结果表明:正念、风险感知和自我效能对应急疏散行为存在正向影响,正念通过风险感知和自我效能对应急疏散行为产生部分中介效应;掩蔽效应在自我效能影响应急疏散行为过程中具有显著调节作用;正念通过风险感知能力提高自我效能,进一步对应急疏散行为产生影响。研究结果可为缓解突发事件带来的不良情绪及压力,增强个体自信程度及风险感知能力,提高应急疏散效率提供参考和借鉴。     

基于扎根理论的安全公民行为影响因素研究

为明确建筑工人安全公民行为(SCB)的影响因素并厘清其作用机制,探寻SCB的引导和激励策略,采用扎根理论(GT)质性研究方法,整理分析对建筑工人的深度访谈资料,并进行开放式编码、主轴编码和选择性编码,进而构建建筑工人SCB的影响因素理论模型。研究表明:建筑工人SCB的影响因素包括建筑工人个体特征因素(安全价值观倾向、安全能力、调节聚焦)、心理驱动因素(安全责任感、心理归属感、角色宽度自我效能、行为控制感知、行为效果感知)、行为意愿、情境因素(社会规范、组织安全氛围、安全领导行为)和社会人口学变量因素5大主范畴;动力机制、调节机制和反馈机制共同组成建筑工人SCBs的驱动机制。     

风险感知对城市景区密集人群不安全行为的影响研究

随着旅游业的持续升温，城市景区接待压力日益增加。为探究疫情背景下城市景区密集人群风险感知规律，降低游客出游风险，基于Sitkin-Pablo模型，剖析密集人群情景下个体风险感知对不安全行为产生的作用机理，构建包含风险偏好、风险感知以及不安全行为的三维风险感知理论模型；从而构建风险感知结构方程模型(SEM),并依据451份有效数据对模型进行实证检验，最终达到提高景区决策科学性的目的。结果表明：风险感知对游客不安全行为有直接显著的负向作用，且社会心理风险感知对不安全行为的影响效应最大；风险感知偏好对游客不安全行为有直接显著的正向作用，且行为意向偏好对不安全行为的影响效应最大。     

民航旅客客舱不安全行为影响因素研究

为探究旅客客舱不安全行为致因机理,以计划行为理论(TPB)为构架,引入风险感知和风险倾向2个变量,提出旅客客舱不安全行为影响因素之间的假设关系。通过对436份问卷调查数据进行信度和效度检验,构建旅客客舱不安全行为结构方程模型(SEM),对提出的假设关系路径进行检验,并得到标准化路径系数。结果表明,态度、风险感知、风险倾向和知觉行为控制显著影响行为意向,主观规范和风险感知又以态度为中介变量显著影响行为意向,对旅客客舱不安全行为的影响作用由大到小分别为风险感知、态度、知觉行为控制、风险倾向和主观规范。     

机场火灾旅客安全态度、风险感知与非适应性疏散行为的关系研究*

为减少旅客非适应性疏散行为,提高机场火灾疏散效率,基于态度-行为过程模型,剖析机场火灾旅客安全态度对非适应性疏散行为的作用机理。构建包含安全态度(安全认知、安全情感、安全行为倾向)、风险感知（概率感知、控制感知、损失感知）和非适应性疏散行为的理论模型,并依据507份有效数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明:安全情感对非适应性疏散行为有直接显著的负向作用,安全认知和安全行为倾向通过风险感知的中介作用对非适应性疏散行为产生负向影响,且安全情感对非适应性疏散行为的总效应最大。     

空中交通管制团队人误的分类及致因研究

复杂社会技术系统通常以团队方式运行,认识与预防团队人误是控制安全风险的重要途径。研究采用威胁与差错管理(TEM)的研究框架,以某空管运行自愿报告系统2004年全年数据为样本源,分析团队人误的流程与致因,统计发现团队人误占总体空管人误的31%。团队发现和指出错误后仍不能有效纠正错误的比例达到8%。根据样本统计并结合典型团队人误的案例,确认了空管团队人误的主要类型和分布情况以及团队行为促成因素(PSF)的框架及重要性排序,其中缺乏交流是团队人误的最常见PSF,报告样本量出现率达47.1%。最后,从组织文化建设、团队管理、标准操作程序、培训等方面提出了减少团队人误的建议。     

高处作业个体安全防护的修正行为意向模型

为深入探究高处作业人员个体安全防护行为意向的影响机理,基于计划行为理论(TPB),引入示范性规范、过去行为、风险感知3个变量,并假设变量对行为意向的影响条件,构建高处作业人员个体安全防护行为意向模型。通过发放调查问卷并利用结构方程模型(SEM)对修正模型和研究假设进行验证。结果表明:行为态度、过去行为、知觉行为控制、主观规范、示范性规范均正向显著影响安全防护行为意向;风险感知对安全防护行为意向无显著直接影响;主观规范、过去行为、知觉行为控制、风险感知通过行为态度这一中介变量间接影响安全防护行为意向。     

工作欠载对煤矿监检人员风险感知能力的影响研究

为探究煤矿监检人员工作欠载对风险感知能力的影响机制,首先引入无聊倾向和心智游移作为中介变量,构建四者的链式中介模型;然后采用工作欠载、无聊倾向、心智游移以及风险感知能力4种量表制成结构化问卷,定量研究263名煤矿监检人员问卷样本,并通过Pearson相关性分析和中介效应检验验证样本数据。结果表明：工作欠载直接负向影响煤矿监检人员的风险感知能力;工作欠载还会通过无聊倾向、心智游移的独立中介效应,以及无聊倾向和心智游移的链式中介效应影响人员的风险感知能力。因此,及时发现并干预监检人员的工作欠载、无聊倾向和心智游移情形,能够有效提升其风险感知能力,预防事故的发生。     

情绪对建筑工人不安全行为影响的认知试验

为深入解析情绪对不安全行为的影响作用机制，探究情绪控制视角下的不安全行为矫正方法。从信息认知过程入手，结合眼动追踪技术和情绪唤醒方法，基于个体信息认知模型，设计情绪对建筑工人不安全行为的影响试验，通过测量不同情绪状态下工人的注意力分配、隐患识别和风险倾向，采用眼动热点图和方差分析(ANOVA),探究情绪在信息认知加工过程中对建筑工人不安全行为的具体影响。研究结果表明：在认知过程的信息获取阶段，正性情绪能够促进工人对现场危险的感知活动，而在信息分析阶段，正性情绪比负性情绪的工人具有更为显著的不安全行为倾向；基于个体信息认知的情绪不安全行为模型，正性情绪状态下的建筑工人更倾向于有意不安全行为，而负性情绪状态下的建筑工人则更倾向于无意不安全行为。建议施工企业应根据工人的情绪状态采取针对性的不安全行为管控措施，提高现场安全管理效率。     

基于拓展TPB理论的客舱不安全行为意向影响因素研究

为了探究客舱旅客产生不安全行为意向的影响因素,本文基于旅客个体行为不完全受意志控制的特点,提出了采用计划行为理论作为理论基础,并引入了过去行为、风险感知和情绪管理3个新变量,构建了拓展的计划行为理论模型。通过自制量表的方式,研究了客舱旅客不安全行为意向影响因素的12个假设。研究结果表明,行为态度是影响不安全行为意向的最大直接因素,风险感知是最大的间接因素。本文为干预和引导旅客的安全行为给出一定的理论依据。     

矿山救援队心理训练初探

矿山救援队员在矿难救援抢险过程中心理和生理变化对救援任务和日后工作的影响是多方面的,必须有针对性地进行心理训练.研究探讨矿山救援队如何进行心理训练,旨在为创建规范、科学、系统和有效的心理训练体系提供理论参考依据,完善矿山救援队的整体训练体系,提高矿山救援队员的心理素质.     

公众信任及水灾风险认知的区域对比

通过在长江流域不同区域开展问卷调查(获885份样本),统计、比较公众对社会减灾能力的信任态度及水灾风险认知状况,并探讨信任与认知之间的关系。结果显示,公众对社会减灾能力基本持信任态度,信任度依次为:灾害监测预报预警>政府应急>防灾工程能力,其中下游地区公众的信任度较高。公众对于水灾的风险感知普遍偏弱,尤其是下游地区公众对发生水灾、受灾可能性的评估偏低(小于25%)。公众对于区域减灾能力的信任主要受到受灾经历(如灾情损失、灾后救援等)的影响,区域本底的灾害风险高低导致公众水灾风险认知的差异。风险较高区域(上、中游)公众更愿意采取较多的、积极的具体防减灾措施。     

A multilevel investigation of predictors and outcomes of shared leadership

For modern organizations, shared leadership becomes increasingly important. Knowledge on shared leadership may be limited, as past research often relies on cross-sectional data or student samples, and most studies neglect the multilevel nature of shared leadership. Our research model includes transformational leadership, trust, and organizational support as predictors of shared leadership. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of shared leadership on team performance and team creativity. In total, 160 teams with 697 employees participated in our field study. Data collection took place at three time points. To test our hypotheses, we used multilevel modeling with a Bayesian estimator. We found relationships of transformational leadership and trust with shared leadership at the team level and of transformational leadership, trust, and organizational support with shared leadership at the individual level. Furthermore, shared leadership fully mediated the effect of the three input factors on team performance and team creativity. This study contributes to the understanding of the antecedents and outcomes of shared leadership. Furthermore, the dynamic development of team processes based on an input–mediator–output model is explored. On the basis of the results, organizations can increase shared leadership behavior by focusing on transformational leadership and trust building.     

Antecedents and consequences of empowering leadership: Leader power distance,leader perception of team capability,and team innovation

The evidence that empowering leadership is an effective form of team leadership brings the question on what the antecedents of empowering leadership are into focus. We propose that empowering leadership is driven by considerations of the normative and situational appropriateness of empowering leadership that are associated with leader power distance value and leader perception of team capability. We propose that leader power distance and perceived team capability interact such that the influence of leader power distance on empowering leadership is stronger with higher perceived team capability. We extend our model to show that by affecting empowering leadership, the interaction of leader power distance and perceived team capability indirectly influences team innovation, an important team outcome associated with empowered teamwork. We tested our model in two multisource surveys in China: Study 1 of 84 technical teams and Study 2 of 83 financial service teams. We discuss how our study contributes to empowering leadership theory by providing a theoretical perspective that lends itself well to identifying other trait and situational antecedents of empowering leadership.     

Positive group affective tone and team creativity: Negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions

Drawing on multiple group‐level theories, we explored boundary conditions of the relationship between positive group affective tone (PGAT) and team creativity. We collected data from members and leaders of 68 research and development teams and performed hierarchical linear modeling analyses to test our hypotheses. Consistent with the “group‐centrism” perspective, we found that PGAT was beneficial for team creativity only when team trust was low; when trust was high, PGAT had a negative relationship with team creativity. In accord with the “dual‐tuning” perspective, the positive effect of PGAT on creativity was present only when team trust was low but negative group affective tone was high. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Team creativity/innovation in culturally diverse teams: A meta‐analysis

This meta‐analysis investigates the direction and strength of the relationship between diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation. We distinguish the effects of two diversity levels (i.e., surface level vs. deep level) in culturally diverse teams and examine the moderators suggested by the socio‐technical systems framework (i.e., team virtuality and task characteristics in terms of task interdependence, complexity, and intellectiveness). Surface‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams is not related to team creativity/innovation, whereas deep‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams is positively related to team creativity/innovation. Moreover, surface‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation are negatively related for simple tasks but unrelated for complex tasks. Deep‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation is positively related for collocated teams and interdependent tasks but unrelated for noncollocated teams and independent tasks. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

团队关系冲突对矿工安全绩效影响的跨层次研究

为有效提升煤矿企业安全管理效能,提高矿工安全绩效,基于资源保存理论、社会认知理论和自我决定理论,以团队层面的团队效能感和个体层面的安全动机为中介变量,探讨团队关系冲突(TRC)对矿工安全绩效的跨层次影响机制.对40个班组347名矿工进行问卷调查和实证研究,结果表明:TRC不仅能直接负向影响矿工安全绩效,还能通过团队效能...     

基于虚拟现实技术的非煤矿山救护队培训系统设计与实现

针对非煤矿山救护队应急救援培训的实际需求和现实不足的情况,根据救护队行动程序,应用虚拟现实技术,研究与设计非煤矿山救护队应急救援培训系统。硬件系统采用可视立体技术和多点触摸技术,设计双屏触摸一体培训考试机。软件系统由用户信息管理子系统、多媒体演示培训子系统、专项操作训练子系统、考核与评价子系统、综合训练子系统构成。采用3D显示、人性化用户体验设计、自动寻路A*算法和导航网格等关键技术,从几何建模、动画建模、信息数据库和场景驱动等方面对系统整体进行架构。该系统的设计与开发可使非煤矿山救护队培训考核更加安全、高效、系统和节约。     

Team job‐related anxiety and creativity: Investigating team‐level and cross‐level moderated curvilinear relationships

Researchers have examined the effects of individual job‐related anxiety on employee attitudes and behaviors but have yet to examine whether team job‐related anxiety would have similar or different effects. Building on prior research on negative group affective tone and creativity, we propose that team job‐related anxiety has an inverted U‐shaped curvilinear relationship with both team and individual creativity. Furthermore, we posit that team cooperativeness moderates those curvilinear relationships. Using a two‐wave research design and matched employee‐supervisor data from 290 employees nested in 65 teams, we found support for the proposed inverted U‐shaped relationships. Moreover, the intermediate level of team job‐related anxiety was associated with higher individual creativity in teams with higher cooperativeness. We conclude the study with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.