秦皇岛市可持续发展状况评估

可持续发展是我国的唯一选择,如何评价可持续发展是可持续发展研究的热点问题.可持续发展的协调度、持续度是评价可持续发展的有效途径.协调度指标由经济系统协调度、经济发展与人口协调度、经济发展与资源协调度、经济发展与生态环境协调度、经济发展与城镇化水平协调度五项指标组成;持续度指标由经济持续度、人力资源持续度、资源持续度、生态环境持续度四项指标组成.通过对秦皇岛市2000年社会、经济、环境系统的深入分析,秦皇岛市可持续发展状况为61.9分,处于具有初步可持续发展水平和能力阶段.     

煤炭工业资源—环境—经济耦合协调分析——以榆林市为例

耦合协调发展水平的测度对于研究煤炭工业可持续发展具有重要意义.根据煤炭工业资源—环境—经济系统耦合机制,构建了该系统的评价指标体系,利用熵权法和TOPSIS法计算煤炭工业资源—环境—经济系统以及各子系统的评价值,通过耦合协调度模型计算耦合协调度,评估煤炭工业的资源—环境—经济系统的耦合协调水平.结果表明:2008-20...     

国家“两山”基地经济与生态环境协调发展评价——以浙江省宁海县为例

科学评价经济与生态环境的协调发展水平是实现区域可持续发展的有效途径,目前对生态优先但评价尺度较小的国家“两山”基地的研究较为缺乏。以浙江省宁海县为例,选取与经济和环境状况密切相关的8个一级指标、32个二级指标,建立经济与生态环境协调发展评价指标体系,通过耦合协调度模型,评价2006—2017年宁海县经济与生态环境协调发展水平,并分析其演变规律。结果表明:2006—2017年宁海县经济发展和生态环境保护子系统的综合发展指数总体呈波动上升趋势,生态环境保护水平高于经济发展水平。宁海县的协调发展水平可分为3个阶段:2006—2009年,协调发展度较低,处于濒临失调衰退类;2010—2011年,协调发展度稳中有升,为勉强协调发展类;2012—2017年,协调发展度稳步提升,呈现从初级向中级再向良好和优质协调类发展。     

晋冀鲁豫接壤区“经济─环境”系统协调状态研究

本文用协调度中的发展协调度方法对晋冀鲁豫接壤区区域“经济──环境”系统的协调状态及调控进行了研究。在经济快速增长（GNP＞8％）的前提下，用2个权重相等的子系统，即生态环境质量综合评价值Sp和发展经济的投资环境综合评价值Tp所组成的协调度综合评价值Zp的计算值判断了该区域的“经济──环境”系统的协调状态为基本不协调状态，即随着经济的快速增长，生态环境有所恶化。从2个子系统的单项指标分析了生态环境有所恶化的原因并用环境经济学中的环境管理规划的基本原理从可持续发展的角度讨论了环境和经济发展的调控对策。     

海岛县可持续发展综合评价研究——以长岛为例

可持续发展的实现要求社会、经济与资源环境之间保持和提高协调性。基于海岛县这一特殊县级地域的特有属性,构建海岛县可持续发展的综合评价指标体系,采用模糊隶属度函数,以长岛县为例进行了实证分析。通过社会、经济、资源环境之间的静态和动态协调度,考察了各子系统的内在协调机制及系统协调发展轨迹和时间趋势,结果表明:海岛县可持续发展的系统结构逐步优化,波动趋于平缓;系统整体的协调水平减速提高;经济增长与资源环境的冲突已经成为影响发展持续性的首要问题。研究结果符合实际,可为海岛县可持续发展的研究和实践提供参考。     

中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制及其影响因子

在可持续发展大背景下,深入探究中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制并明确其影响因子,可为未来中国实现可持续发展目标提供一定的科学参考.运用趋势分析、耦合协调度、LMDI模型和最优参数地理探测器模型对中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制进行探究和评价.结果发现:①在研究期间,中国耦合协调度、人类活动和生态环境质量均为增长趋势.人类活动和耦合协调度在空间上以胡焕庸线为界,呈现“东高西低”的分异规律.生态环境质量则表现出“南高北低”分异规律.②中国耦合协调类型转化的整体趋势为由低级向更高级的耦合协调类型转移.③基于最优参数地理探测器和LMDI模型分别发现,胡焕庸线以东绝大部分省区的耦合协调度其主导因子分别为社会经济因子和综合协调指数,该线以西绝大部分省区的耦合协调度主导因子分别为自然环境因子和耦合度.④评价人类活动变化对生态环境质量的影响,发现胡焕庸线以东主要为有利开发和有效保护类型,胡焕庸线以西主要为破坏开发和无效保护类型.胡焕庸线东西两侧地区应分别根据当地影响耦合协调度的先决条件以及人类活动和生态环境质量的相对关系,因地制宜选择优先发展地区,积极调整发展策略,走向生态环境质量与人类活动高级协调发展的可持续发展道路.     

建立科学评价体系,推进循环经济发展

循环经济是经济发展新常态下转变增长方式、实现可持续发展的必然选择,良好协调的生态环境是循环经济追求的目标。评价循环经济发展水平如何,需要建立科学的评价体系。本文从经济效益、资源综合利用、资源消耗和废物排放四个维度,建立了由16个指标组成的循环经济评价指标体系;应用层次分析法与熵权法相结合的模糊综合评价方法,对2011—2015年北京市循环经济发展水平进行量化评价;采用BP神经网络模型,仿真并解析了北京市未来五年的循环经济发展趋势;结合北京市循环发展现状与未来趋势,从产业协同发展、资源环境供给侧改革、生产者责任延伸、税收激励机制、信息公开五个方面,提出深入推进循环经济发展的对策建议。     

青海省生态经济社会协调发展机制研究

构建了青海省生态经济社会协调发展的评价指标体系,引入耦合度和耦合协调度函数,测算2009—2018年青海省及州市的耦合度、综合发展值和耦合协调度,并对测算结果进行了综合分析。结果表明:在时序演变方面,2009年青海省生态-经济-社会耦合协调发展状况为中度失调,经过2010年和2011年这两年的整改,协调发展状况稳步上升,并于2018年实现优质协调;在空间分布方面,2010年青海省呈现高耦合协调水平往中部聚集,低耦合协调水平往东西转移的情况。2017年稳定为东部高协调水平聚集,并呈现出明显的东西差异。近10年来青海省整体生态-经济-社会协调发展取得了较大的进展,但经济社会发展与生态环境之间的矛盾仍然是阻碍青海实现全面协调可持续发展的主要原因,需要东部带西部,协调东西部发展。     

熵权法在城市经济与环境耦合协调发展评价中的应用

运用熵权法和耦合协调度模型对城市经济与环境的协调发展情况进行评价。在建立经济和环境指标体系基础上,算出阿图什市经济与生态环境系统耦合协调度,并判别阿图什市的经济与环境的协调发展状态。研究结果表明:2010—2015年,阿图什市经济与环境的耦合度均高于0.75,平均值为0.892,高度耦合,协调度分别为0.573,0.611,0.668,0.755,0.630和0.735;2010年的系统协调状态为勉强协调型,其余年分均为中度协调型。研究期间经济与生态环境的耦合度类型,从经济滞后型转变为环境滞后型。熵权法与耦合协调度模型法混合应用判别城市协调发展情况计算步骤简单,结果合理,有一定的参考价值。     

晋冀鲁豫接壤区“经济——环境”系统协调状态研究

本文用协调中的发展协调度方法对晋冀鲁豫接壤区区域“经济－环境”系统的协调状态及调控进行了研究。在经济快速增长的前提下，用２个权重相等的子系统，即生态环境质量综合评价值Ｓｐ和发展经济的投资环境综合评价值Ｔｐ所组成的协调度综合评价值Ｚｐ的计算值判断了该区域的“经济－环境”系统的协调状态为基本不协调状态，即随着经济的快速增长，生态环境有所恶化。从２个子系统的单英指标分析了生态环境有所恶化的原因并用环境经     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.