Farm-level models of spatial patterns of land use and land cover dynamics in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Longitudinal studies examining socio-demographic and other contextual factors are vital to understanding landscape change. Landscape structure, function, and change are assessed for the northern Ecuadorian Amazon by examining the composition and spatial organization of deforestation, agricultural extensification, and secondary plant succession at the farm level in 1990 and 1999 through the integration of data from a satellite time-series, a longitudinal household survey, and GIS coverages. Pattern metrics were calculated at the farm level through the generation of a hybrid land use and land cover (LULC) digital classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Population, labor, and other household variables were generated from a scientific sample of survey farms or fincas interviewed in 1990 and resurveyed in 1999. Topography, soils, and distance and geographic accessibility measures were derived for sample farms through a GIS as well as qualitative assessments from household surveys. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were generated for 155 and 157 fincas in 1990 and 1999, respectively, using pattern metrics at the landscape level as dependent variables, and biophysical, geographical, and socio-economic/demographic variables as independent variables. The models were derived to explore the changing nature of LULC at the finca level by assessing the variation in the spatial structure or organization of farm landscapes in 1990 and 1999, and the extent to which this variation could be explained by the available data. Results indicate rapid population growth causing substantial subdivision of plots, which in turn has created a more complex and fragmented landscape in 1999 than in 1990. Key factors predicting landscape complexity are population size and composition, plot fragmentation through subdivision, expansion of the road and electrical networks, age of the plot (1990 only), and topography. The research demonstrates that the process of combining data from household surveys, satellite time-series images, and GIS coverages provide an ideal framework to examine population–environment interactions and that the statistical models presented are powerful tools to combine such data in an integrated way.     

Trends in fire patterns in a southern African savanna under alternative land use practices

Climate, topography, vegetation and land use interact to influence fire regimes. Variable fire regimes may promote landscape heterogeneity, diversification in vegetation pattern and biotic diversity. The objective was to compare effects of alternative land use practices on landscape heterogeneity. Patch characteristics of fire scars were measured from 21 annual burn maps produced from 1972 to 2001 Landsat imagery. Trends in fire patterns under alternative land use practices were compared across a 250,000 ha savanna in southern Africa partitioned into three land use zones. Zone 1, Madikwe Game Reserve (MGR), has had mostly prescribed fires since 1993. Zone 2, cattle farms near MGR in South Africa (SAF), has experienced occasional fires. Zone 3, communal grazing lands in neighboring Botswana (BOT), has had the fewest fires. Cattle ranching was the predominant land use throughout the study area until 1992, when land use switched to conservation and eco-tourism in MGR. Sixteen landscape metrics were applied to this data set to uncover trends in the patch characteristics of the fire scars. A principal components analysis (PCA) reduced the dimensionality of the results so trends in the 10 most important size, shape, and proximity metrics could be better interpreted. The PCA results showed that more burning over time in MGR, and to a lesser extent in SAF, increased patch size, size variability, shape complexity and proximity, while fire exclusion in BOT produced no change or decreasing trends. We tested for significant differences in these metrics between the three land use zones and between two periods, 1972–1992 and 1993–2001. Most patch characteristics in MGR and SAF differed significantly from those in BOT, especially during the latter period, while between MGR and SAF they did not. Patch area, shape complexity and core area increased significantly between periods in MGR, while patch size, size variability and core area increased significantly between periods in SAF. In BOT, no patch characteristics changed significantly between periods. Within the time span analyzed for the study area, we conclude that increased fire occurrence promoted landscape heterogeneity while fire exclusion did not.     

三峡库区土地利用与景观格局变化研究

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,运用ArcGis软件和景观生态学的方法,对1980～2004年三峡库区土地利用和景观结构的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:24年间三峡库区1495.97km2的土地利用面积发生变化,研究区域综合土地利用变化动态度达0.13%,区域土地利用斑块数由50858增加为50998个,平均斑块面积由1.103 km2/个减小到1.10km2/个。区域土地利用空间格局指数中多样性指数增长0.14%,均匀度指数增长0.23%,破碎度指数增长0.22%,优势度指数降低0.30%。土地利用类型变化的面积大小依次是建设用地>水田>旱耕地>草地>水域>林地>未利用地,土地利用的动态转化过程以林地、草地、旱耕地的相互转化与旱耕地向水田的转化为主。     

典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应——以浙江省西苕溪流域为例

土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应是相关领域今后研究的重点。论文利用1985、1995和2000年的TM数据及调查资料,研究西苕溪流域的土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应。结果表明:流域内农田不断减少,居民及工矿用地持续扩大,林地前期减少、后期缓慢增加;林地和农田是流域内的主要景观类型,空间集中性及斑块碎化、形状规则化、景观同化是景观结构和景观异质性变化的主要表现;土地利用/覆被变化产生了生境质量下降、边缘效应增强、土地退化和生态系统成分单调等景观生态效应;恢复与建设西苕溪流域的景观生态系统需对景观尺度上的土地利用方式进行必要的调整。     

云南澜沧江流域土地利用及其变化对景观生态风险的影响

利用GIS的空间分析功能,对云南澜沧江流域1980年、1992年和2000年3期TM遥感影像解译的土地利用解译数据进行图层代数运算,定量分析了土地利用变化及各种土地利用方式的相互转化关系;在土地利用变化的基础上,以景观干扰指数和土地利用类型的敏感度指数为评价指标,分析了不同研究时段内不同空间范围的景观生态风险变化情况.研究结果表明,自1992年以来该流域牛态环境受人类活动干扰增强,耕地、林地、草地三者之间相互转化频率较高;土地利用结构的变化已导致景观生态风险指数发生显著时空差异,中级以上的生态风险主要分布于该流域的中下游,分布范围呈东南向西北方向扩展,风险较高的地区增加幅度较大.受地形、地貌的影响,该区域的景观生态风险各向异性较显著,自相关范围在7.5km之内.澜沧江流域景观生态风险有扩大的趋势,应加强中级以上景观生态风险区域的生态保护与建设,以实现澜沧江流域的生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展.     

Spatial and temporal land use and carbon stock changes in Uganda: implications for a future REDD strategy

Using a map overlay procedure in a Geographical Information System environment, we quantify and map major land use and land cover (LULC) change patterns in Uganda period 1990–2005 and determine whether the transitions were random or systematic. The analysis reveals that the most dominant systematic land use change processes were deforestation (woodland to subsistence farmland—3.32%); forest degradation (woodland to bushland (4.01%) and grassland (4.08%) and bush/grassland conversion to cropland (5.5%) all resulting in a net reduction in forests (6.1%). Applying an inductive approach based on logistic regression and trend analyses of observed changes we analyzed key drivers of LULC change. Significant predictors of forest land use change included protection status, market access, poverty, slope, soil quality and presence/absence of a stream network. Market access, poverty and population all decreased the log odds of retaining forests. In addition, poverty also increased the likelihood of degradation. An increase in slope decreased the likelihood of deforestation. Using the stock change and gain/loss approaches we estimated the change in forest carbon stocks and emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Results indicate a negligible increase in forest carbon stocks (3,260 t C yr-1) in the period 1990–2005 when compared to the emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation (2.67 million t C yr-1). In light of the dominant forest land use change patterns, the drivers and change in carbon stocks, we discuss options which could be pursued to implement a future national REDD plus strategy which considers livelihood, biodiversity and climate change mitigation objectives.     

岩溶山区城镇化进程的土地利用景观格局演变特征——以贵阳市为例

基于多期贵阳市土地利用现状数据,运用景观生态学原理系统研究了城镇化进程中贵阳市景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明,城镇化进程中建设用地景观面积持续增加,耕地、林地和草地景观面积减少。城市建设用地景观早期集中于贵阳市中部,其它呈零星点状分布;中期以南部和西北部为主,逐渐由零星点状向带状发展;后期由带状向四周拓展的区位演变特征。城镇化进程中景观蔓延度和景观形状呈下降趋势,斑块数和破碎度增加,景观形状趋于规则;景观多样性和均匀度随城镇化推进有所上升,景观异质性增强。景观格局变化受控于国家政策、城市发展理念与规划调整。     

汾河流域景观破碎化时空演变特征

以1990年、2000年、2015年遥感影像解译数据为基础,利用Fragstats 4.2软件分别采取标准法和移动窗口法获取最佳分析尺度;在此基础上探索各景观指数空间分异特征,揭示流域景观破碎化时空演变过程;采用空间自回归模型分析景观破碎化的影响因子。结果表明：随着粒度和幅度的改变,部分景观指数呈现一定规律性,90 m栅格大小、900 m方形窗口尺寸为研究区最佳分析尺度;斑块密度、蔓延度、有效网格大小、香农多样性指数在三个时期均存在空间集聚效应,且空间集聚类型分布形态具有较强的相似性;1990-2015年汾河流域景观破碎化空间分布格局发生明显变化,破碎化集聚区域呈现碎斑化;坡度、高程、距建设用地距离是影响三个时期流域景观破碎化的主要影响因素。     

中国东北区水资源量天然可再生能力分异及其对土地利用变化的响应

从水循环的角度对水资源的可再生能力进行表征 ,并在GIS技术支持下 ,对中国东北区天然水资源量可再生能力时空分异进行了系统剖析 ;并结合东北区 1986～2000年间的土地利用变化 ,揭示了东北区天然水资源可再生能力分异对土地利用变化的响应 .1956～2001年间 ,东北区多年平均水资源量为 1991.52亿m³,具有显著的时空变化特征 ;且水资源变化具有33a、11a和 4a周期 .1980～2001年间 ,东北区水资源可再生能力呈现出下降趋势 ,下降幅度和年际间的变化强度具有显著的空间分异特征 .水资源可再生能力与土地利用的耦合变化表明 ,需在分布式生态 水文机理剖析的基础上 ,对中国东北区的土地利用格局进行科学调整 ,以使得在人类活动剧烈干扰的环境背景下 ,水资源的可再生能力仍能维持在一个较高的水平上 .     

Modelling interactions and feedback mechanisms between land use change and landscape processes

Land use changes and landscape processes are interrelated and influenced by multiple bio-physical and socio-economic driving factors, resulting in a complex, multi-scale system. Consequently in landscapes with active landscape processes such as erosion, land use changes should not be analysed in isolation without accounting for both on-site and off-site effects on landscape processes. To investigate the interactions between land use, land use change and landscape processes, a case study for the Álora region in southern Spain is carried out, coupling a land use change model (CLUE) and a landscape process model simulating water and tillage erosion and sedimentation (LAPSUS). First, both models are run independently for a baseline scenario of land use change. Secondly, different feedbacks are added to the coupled model framework as ‘interaction scenarios’. Firstly effects of land use change on landscape processes are introduced by means of a ‘changed erodibility feedback’. Secondly effects of landscape processes on land use are introduced stepwise: (i) an ‘observed erosion feedback’ where reallocation of land use results from farmers’ perception of erosion features, and (ii) a ‘reduced productivity feedback’ whereby changes in soil depth result in a land use relocation. Quantities and spatial patterns of both land use change and soil redistribution are compared with the baseline scenario to assess the cumulative effect of including each of the interaction mechanisms in the modelling framework.Overall, total quantities of land use change (areas) and soil redistribution do not differ much for the different interaction scenarios. However, there are important differences in the spatial patterns of both land use and soil redistribution. In addition, by incorporating the perception and bio-physical feedback mechanisms, land use types with stable or increasing acreages are increasingly relocated from their original positions, suggesting a current location on landscape positions prone to soil erosion and sedimentation. Implementing the ‘reduced productivity feedback’ causes most of these effects. Another important outcome is that on-site land use changes trigger major off-site soil redistribution dynamics. These off-site effects are attributed to down slope or downstream changes in sediment transport rates and/or discharge caused by changes in land surface characteristics.The results of this study provide insight into the interactions between different processes occurring within landscapes and the influence of feedbacks on the development of the landscape. The interaction between processes goes across various spatial and temporal scales, leading to difficulties in linked model representation and calibration and validation of the coupled modelling system.     

Land cover change and landscape fragmentation—comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analyses for a western Honduras region

Current studies of land cover change and landscape fragmentation rely predominantly on land cover classifications derived from remotely sensed images. However, limitations of traditional land cover classifications are numerous and well known. This research compares classification-based techniques (discrete data) to the use of vegetation indices (continuous data) for land cover modeling and analyses of landscape fragmentation for a study area in western Honduras. The study area typifies many regions of tropical developing countries, where a complex interaction of social and environmental factors have given rise to a dynamic mosaic of patches of reforestation and deforestation. Understanding the complex human dimensions of land use and land cover change in these parts of the world continues to present a challenge for researchers.The land cover modeling analysis compares two models using different formulations for the dependent variable: (i) a continuous analysis using a tobit model regressing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), with non-forest values truncated at 0, on the variables elevation, slope, distance from roads and distance from the nearest market; and (ii) a discrete analysis using a probit model with threshold NDVI coverages (representing forest and non-forest). To examine the patterns of landscape fragmentation, a discrete analysis of a forest/non-forest classification using the software FRAGSTATS is compared to a continuous NDVI-based analysis using the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) statistic. Estimated marginal effects and overall predictive power are compared across the tobit and probit formulations. Because the tobit formulation included variation in the dependent variable for forested areas, greater information was retained regarding the subtle relationships among the independent variables and land cover. The LISA statistic, using the NDVI coverages as input, were helpful in the interpretation of the data and its spatial arrangement in the landscape, indicating that the LISA was a good complement to the FRAGSTATS, classification-based analysis. Given the LISA statistic is parametric and hence subject to outliers, whereas landscape metrics tend to be non-parametric, we found that the use of both FRAGSTATS and LISA together was more beneficial than either analysis by itself. While there is increasing awareness of the need for using continuous data for land cover modeling and fragmentation, this area remains little explored. The research presented provides insights for additional future applications utilizing continuous data analyses.     

Landscape patterns and parcel boundaries: an analysis of composition and configuration of land use and land cover in south-central Indiana

In many areas of the world, socioeconomic and political factors are increasingly impacting spatial patterns of land use and land cover in the landscape. Much of the land in the United States has been divided using a grid-based system that was implemented to realize socioeconomic and political goals rather than to protect and conform to biophysical differences. The borders of individual parcels of land often reflect the boundary lines created by this system. These borders are important components of policies related to land management such as zoning and private land use decisions. The potential impact this system of land division may have on spatial patterns in a landscape remains unclear. The majority of landscape research has focused exclusively on biophysical differences occurring over relatively large areas of land and ignored possible finer-scale, human impacts on landscape composition and configuration. There is a need for research on spatial patterns occurring over areas that match socioeconomically or politically important units of land in order to improve understanding of relationships between human related processes and ecosystem functions and to create better management policies.This research explores whether the system of land parcelization is evident in patterns of land use and land cover in the landscape of south-central Indiana. In particular, it investigates whether parcel boundaries correspond to distinct changes in the composition and configuration of forest, developed, and agricultural lands. This research uses theory and methodology from geography, geographic information science, and landscape ecology to analyze patterns of land use and land cover in a rural to semi-rural county in south-central Indiana. A classification of a remotely sensed image is used as a basis for calculating metrics of landscape composition and configuration with the use of a geographic information system. The metrics are calculated for areas of forest, developed, and agricultural land associated with a sample of parcels chosen to represent all the parcels within Monroe County. The values for areas near the parcel boundaries are compared with the values for areas at relatively short distances from the parcel boundaries. This comparison indicates whether there is a distinct change in the composition or configuration of the landscape occurring at approximately the parcel boundaries.The results suggest that in Monroe County, Indiana, changes in the composition of the landscape, particularly the amount of area covered by agriculture and forest, correspond with parcel boundaries. Changes in the configuration of agricultural and, to a lesser extent, developed lands also occur near parcel boundaries. The results support the hypothesis that the grid-based system of parcelization has affected spatial patterns of land use and land cover. These results illustrate the potential impact socioeconomic and political systems may have on spatial patterns in a landscape.     

鲁东山区流域景观格局与面源污染关联关系

基于实地监测和3S技术,以鲁东低山丘陵地区栖霞市为研究区,采用Spearman相关、非约束性PCA、对应典范分析（CCA）等方法,研究不同流域尺度下景观格局与面源污染的关联关系。结果表明：（1）研究区景观格局空间分异明显,在特征尺度下农用地和建设用地斑块较为破碎,林地、园地斑块聚集性强。（2）研究区河流面源污染物主要以TN为主,EC、COD污染次之,主河道出水口为污染较为严重的区域。（3）景观格局对水质的影响丰水期要大于平水期,TN和EC对土地利用类型面积比例和景观格局指数的变化最为敏感。（4）平水期河岸带尺度下景观格局对TN影响最大的为斑块密度,EC受景观边缘密度影响最大,小流域尺度TN受景观蔓延度影响最大,COD与景观多样性关系密切;丰水期河岸带尺度景观多样性对TN影响最大,EC受斑块聚合度影响最大,小流域尺度影响TN最大的因素与平水期一致,EC与景观蔓延度关系密切。（5）小流域景观类型水平下,TN主要受林地斑块密度影响,TP与耕地散布与并列指数关系密切;丰水期TN受林地散布与并列指数影响显著,TP对林地平均分维数变化敏感,EC受草地聚集性影响最大。本文分析了研究区景观格局与面源污染空间分布特征,探讨了两者在不同尺度下的相关性,可为栖霞市水土资源可持续利用提供科学依据。     

黑龙江省近50年来沼泽湿地退缩特征及其原因分析

在RS和GIS的支持下,综合集成1954年地形图和2000年TM影像重建黑龙江省1954~2000年沼泽湿地的空间信息矢量数据,结合斑块质心变化模型、景观参数和欧几里德最短距离函数,分析黑龙江省沼泽湿地退缩的区域分异特征,进一步从人类活动对沼泽退缩的影响的角度探讨沼泽退缩的原因。研究结果表明:黑龙江省近50年来,沼泽湿地面积急剧减少,由791.4×10⁴hm²减少到303.5×10⁴hm²;沼泽景观趋于破碎化;退缩的焦点区域主要集中在三江平原、大小兴安岭和松嫩平原。导致湿地退缩的人文原因主要包括三个方面:人口增加和耕地的不断开垦,国家建设国营农场的农业发展政策,与主要公路的空间区位关系。     

普兰店市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应研究

基于研究区2010年的土地利用图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,定量分析了普兰店市景观空间格局及其生态环境效应.结果表明：（1）普兰店市旱地景观面积最大、分布最广,其面积比例为47.1％,林地景观的面积比例也较大,草地和沼泽地的面积比例较小.平均斑块面积0.82 km2/个,景观多样性指数为1.35,优势度指数为0.73,均匀度指数为0.62;（2）大部分旱地景观分布在普兰店市南部,林地景观大多分布在北方.城乡用地、水田则相对集中分布在南部沿海地区;（3）普兰店市的生态环境指数为0.40,生态环境质量总体一般.     

东北多年冻土区植被NDVI变化及其对气候变化和土地覆被变化的响应

利用1982~2006年的NOAA AVHRR-GIMMS和MODIS 2种数据集的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据对东北多年冻土区植被NDVI年际动态和空间差异进行分析,并结合气象数据和土地利用/覆被数据分析了植被NDVI对气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化的响应.研究表明,东北多年冻土区植被NDVI值较高,且空间差异明显;森林为该区主要植被类型,NDVI值较高,主要分布于大小兴安岭和伊春地区;草地集中分布于西南部, NDVI值相对较低.东北多年冻土区过去25a间植被生长的变化趋势为:伴随着气温的显著升高和降水量减少,植被NDVI显著下降.较气温而言,降水量是影响植被NDVI的主要因子(r = 0.77, P < 0.01).在气候变化和人类活动的双重作用下,东北多年冻土区植被NDVI在1982~2006年间表现为4个阶段:1982~1990年,植被NDVI虽有小幅波动,但整体上呈持续增加的趋势;1990~1993年,植被NDVI呈迅速下降趋势; 1993~1997年,植被NDVI呈现回升态势,表现出缓慢上升的趋势;1998~2006年,植被NDVI呈现总体下降趋势.不同植被类型表现出不同的NDVI年际变化规律,尤以草地NDVI值波动最大.植被NDVI变化空间异质性显著.气候变化和多年冻土退化影响了东北多年冻土区植被NDVI动态.年均气温升高和年降水量降低影响了植被的生长.从像元尺度来看,研究区植被NDVI与气温和降水均具有较显著的相关性.研究区土地利用/覆被变化的分析结果表明,不同的土地利用类型间的转变对植被NDVI的大小和空间分布产生了重要影响.     

旅游社区居民感知景观变化及空间结构——以丽江市束河古镇为例

景观变化是国内外地理学界的研究热点之一,但现有研究方法对景观变化所带来社会效应的解释能力还相对欠缺。论文以丽江市束河古镇为案例地,采用了一种地理分析与社会调查分析相结合的混合研究方法,通过PPGIS和半结构访谈进行调查,共获得300套访谈问卷与填图以及景观变化感知空间点数据1 614个,基于质性分析和空间分析揭示案例地居民复杂感知内容及其空间特征。文章主要探讨了在社区景观快速变化的背景下,居民感知的景观变化类型、空间格局以及感知景观变化与实际物质景观变化之间的联系。结果显示：1）通过访谈调查获得的感知景观变化内容复杂,但存在环境变化、农田房屋利用变化、生活空间变化、经济变化的主体结构;2）感知景观变化在空间分布上呈斑状或带状分布,与社区主要景观节点、居住空间、生产和生活资源的分布位置相关联;3）土地利用方式变化和利用形态变化对感知变化的影响同等重要,利用方式改变所承载的社会构成变化为解释景观变化社会效应提供了依据。     

无锡市景观指数的粒度效应研究

论文以无锡市2010年TM遥感影像数据为基础,构建了基于自然地理和人为干扰两类因素的因子加权叠加模型,以此获取研究区的生态贡献等级斑块,运用ArcGIS 10.0,Fragstats 4.0和CS 2.2软件计算并探讨了快速城市化平原地区不同景观指数随粒度增粗的变化特征及其适宜的研究尺度域.结果表明,随粒度变粗,景观指数受空间粒度的影响显著,存在特定的粒度范围.其中,类型水平,景观水平以及景观连接度指数的尺度域不完全相同,粒度分别为2~30,2~10和2~7个栅格单元,研究区尺度域以2~7个栅格单元即60~210 m为宜;景观连接度指数得到的尺度域更精准,粒度依赖性更明显,适宜于粒度效应研究,但是不同景观连接度指数对粒度变化的敏感程度不同.     

农业源头流域景观异质性与溪流水质耦合关系

以丹江口库区胡家山流域为研究区域,分析了溪流枯、丰水期的水质变化特征,结合流域和河岸缓冲带景观类型及其格局,运用Spearman秩相关分析筛选了影响溪流水质的景观指数,利用逐步回归和冗余排序法定量描述景观格局与溪流水质的耦合关系.结果表明：溪流水质指标中氨氮和总磷浓度时空变化较大,其标准变异系数范围分别为69.8%~207.6%和52.0%~146.1%.景观类型中耕地和居民地是溪流水体污染的重要来源,两者在100m河岸缓冲带尺度上对氨氮的解释程度为58.6%,高于流域尺度;景观格局指数中蔓延度、林地和居民地斑块密度、林地和居民地最大斑块指数以及林地和耕地聚集度指数等显著影响溪流水质（P<0.05）,流域尺度上各景观类型的景观指数对总氮和总磷的解释程度分别介于71.1%~81.6%和74.5%~83.8%,均高于100m河岸缓冲带尺度,其中蔓延度对总氮和总磷均有显著影响（P<0.05）.无显著因子进入高锰酸盐指数模型中,其浓度变化是各景观指数共同作用的结果.此外,景观格局季节变化也显著影响溪流水质.枯水期景观指数能够更好的解释总氮和总磷变化,而丰水期对氨氮的解释程度要好于枯水期.     

三峡库区景观格局粒度效应及其对土地利用变化过程的响应

1992—2012年,受大型水利工程建设影响,三峡库区土地利用/覆被发生剧烈变化,论文选取工程建设重要时点1992、2002、2006和2012年的土地利用覆被图,探讨景观格局指数在30~1 000 m粒度范围内的粒度效应及其对土地利用变化过程的响应。结果表明：1）所选取的27个景观指数中,有14个对空间粒度变化高度敏感、3个中度敏感、7个低敏感、3个不敏感;不同类型景观（除裸地外）粒度效应规律相似。2）景观格局指数随粒度变粗呈5种变化规律：单调下降、单调上升、阶梯状上升、无明显变化、先增大后迅速下降。形状指数粒度效应对土地利用变化过程的响应明显,聚集度指数、面积-边缘指数、多样性指数随土地利用变化的特征不受粒度粗细影响。因此,景观格局分析最适宜粒度范围为30~60 m。3）1992—2012年三峡库区整体景观异质性增大、优势度降低、呈小斑块密集格局;耕地面积急剧下降、破碎化加剧,林地面积稳步提升,连通性提高。