上海城区交通干道苯系物污染初探

利用设置在上海市中心城区交通主干道旁的路边空气质量自动监测站2018年1—12月的连续观测数据,研究苯系物(BTEX)污染水平、变化特征以及其与CO、NO x和气象参数的关系。结果表明,观测期间BTEX小时均值为0.10~169.38μg/m^3,年均值为(13.66±0.14)μg/m^3,甲苯占比最高。ρ(BTEX)受污染源排放强度和天气状况的影响大,其日变化呈单谷型,冬季值比夏季高。BTEX各化合物具有较好的同源性,ρ(苯)/ρ(甲苯)为(0.49±0.01)。BTEX与机动车尾气主要成分CO、NOx呈正相关,与风速负相关。其值低于北京、南京、郑州、杭州和西安等城市。     

上海市交通干道空气中苯系物冬季污染特征初探

2004年冬季对上海市交通干道附近空气中苯系物的浓度水平进行了监测,并采用气相色谱法进行分析。结果表明,采样期间大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的浓度分别为1.77~27.7μg/m3、7.29~195μg/m3、3.11~40.2μg/m3、4.49~82.4μg/m3。每日6:30~9:30和15:30~19:00两个时段苯系物的浓度要高于中午时间的浓度,与国内其他城市相比,上海市甲苯的浓度要高,浓度水平要远远高于国外城市的测定结果。苯系物的浓度受风速和风向影响较大。提出了制订空气中苯系物的排污清单和加强机动车尾气中苯系物控制的建议。     

环境空气中苯系物测定方法的优化

探讨了《环境空气苯系物的测定活性炭吸附/二硫化碳解吸-气相色谱法》(HJ 584-2010)中存在的问题,并对此方法进行了改进。重新确定了方法检出限,使方法检出限更为合理;通过实验室计算出方法检测的浓度范围;改变了样品保存条件,使样品的保存周期更长,便于分析。     

便携式质谱仪应用于交通干线苯系物污染特征分析

介绍了EcoSys-P便携式质谱仪在无车日前后对交通干线环境空气中苯系物现场监测中的情况,同时该方法与经典的气相-质谱联机进行了对比试验,相对偏差≤25%,能够满足交通干线环境空气苯系物的现场监测要求.     

黄河兰州段苯系物污染现状调查与评价

在对黄河兰州段（小川－宁安波）污染源调查、取样分析的基础上,利用气相色谱分析数据评价了苯系物对该河段的污染现状。结果表明：兰州河段除小川断面未受到污染外,其它各断面已受到了严重污染,苯、对二甲苯污染指数超标数１０倍。并就今后兰州段开展苯系物的监测,促使废污水达标排放提出了一些建议。     

固定污染源中苯系物的便携式气质联用检测方法研究

建立了适用于固定污染源气体中苯系物的日常检测和监督性检测的便携式气质联用分析方法。利用Mars-400便携式GC-MS具有定量环和吸附管同时并存的功能,无需更换仪器部件,根据预测浓度,选择相应的进样模式(10mg/m3为浓度切换点),以保留时间和特征离子定性,总离子峰面积定量,现场对固定污染源中高低浓度苯系物进行直接分析。在吸附管和定量环两种模式下,选择苯系物的质量浓度范围分别为0.1~10 mg/m3、5~100 mg/m3,两者的线性相关系数均≥0.993,相对标准偏差(n=7)为5%~14%,方法回收率在84%~112%之间。     

毛细柱气相色谱法测定室内空气中的苯系物

讨论了室内空气中苯系物的测定方法．结果表明：活性炭富集采样，CS2萃取，毛细柱分离，FID检测，方法精密度、准确度良好，检出限在O．02～O．05mg／m^3。     

车辆限行前后奥运场馆附近空气中苯系物污染特征与来源

在\"好运北京\"体育赛事车辆限行前后对北京奥运场馆,即四环路健翔桥附近空气中的6种苯系物进行了连续监测。监测结果显示,被测空气的苯系物中甲苯所占比例最大,为32.1%~42.5%,限行后总苯系物平均质量浓度降低了近47%。车辆限行前后,苯系物呈现类似的日变化规律,在交通早、晚高峰时出现峰值。限行前苯系物处于累积状态,日最高值出现在18点,限行后苯系物处于扩散状态,日最高值出现在8点。苯系物来源解析表明,整个交通管制期间苯/甲苯浓度的比值为0.49~0.55,且各苯系物具有良好的相关性,证明被测空气中苯系物具有良好的同源性,均来自汽车尾气。限制车流量可有效降低空气中苯系物浓度。     

气相色谱法测定苯系物标准样品

提出了以二硫化碳为稀释剂,用氯苯作内标物,采用程序升温,调节载气流量,在一根色谱柱上使苯系物标准样品中的7个组分得到完全分离。对苯系物标准样品进行多次测定,各组分的测定结果均在标准样品的保证值范围内,相关标准差小于3％,方法的准确度和精密度均较好。     

杭州湾上虞工业园区环境空气中苯系物的调查及其特征

用活性炭吸附空气中有机物苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯,二硫化碳解吸后用毛细管气相色谱法同时测定,各组分线性响应良好,曲线相关系数均大于0.995;灵敏度高,检出限在0.01～0.03μg/ml之间;回收率在82.4%～105.8%之间。苯、甲苯、二甲苯均未超过GB 16297—1996中规定的0.5、0.3、1.5mg/m3,也未超过新污染源大气污染物排放限值中规定的0.4、2.4、1.2mg/m3,苯乙烯浓度也远小于恶臭污染物排放标准GB 14554—93中规定的一级标准3.0mg/m3,虽然工业园区及其周边大气环境均能检测出苯系物,但都在国家相关标准范围内。     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

兰州市大气污染改善成效分析

为客观评价兰州市大气污染的状况,本文以兰州市2009—2013年空气污染检测相关数据为依据,研究了兰州市的大气污染现状和演变情况。研究结果表明:1兰州市大气污染为扬尘、煤烟和机动车尾气的混合型污染,主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物、SO2和NO2。2013年可吸入颗粒物、SO2和NO2的年平均浓度分别为0.153、0.033、0.035mg/m3,可吸入颗粒物是引起兰州空气污染的主要因素;2兰州市空气污染的易发季节为冬、春两季,空气污染的诱发因素为地理环境与大气条件;3近5年来,兰州市空气质量总体呈好转趋势,优良天数逐年增长,增幅达34%;大气中3项主要污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势,SO2累积降幅达到44%;NO2较最高值降幅为27%。     

Wmo's activities on background atmospheric pollution and integrated monitoring and research

As early as 1968, WMO decided to start a programme on atmospheric pollution. Consequently, a Panel of Experts on Meteorological Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution was established. It was also decided to operate a network of background air pollution monitoring stations. With increasing public concern on environmental pollution impacts, a growing number of WMO Members joined the programme. The Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme, as well as the World Climate Programme launched in the late seventies, will provide information on a possible influence of pollution on climate.When the network of background ait pollution monitoring started, some Members had already proposed to carry out multimedia monitoring at suitable stations. Later on, it became obvious that more information is required on levels and trends of pollutants in media interacting with the atmosphere and a project on integrated monitoring was established, the purpose of which is to define the objectives and uses of integrated monitoring and to establish procedures for routine standardized integrated monitoring of the of the environment.Pilot projects presently being carried out in a few Member countries are meant to provide most of the information required for the implementation of global background integrated environmental monitorting.     

青岛市环境空气臭氧污染特征分析

青岛市是国家环保部确定的臭氧试点监测城市之一。文章结合青岛市市南区东部和四方区空气子站2008—2011年的试点监测数据,从区域差异、时间变化等方面分析了青岛市的臭氧污染特征,结果表明：①二区域臭氧浓度的日分布均呈现“单峰型”,12：00～15：00是一天中臭氧污染最严重的时段;②每月监测累积值市南区东部呈现“双峰型”,四方区呈现“单峰型”;③二区域臭氧污染最突出的月份均为5月;④二区域臭氧平均浓度从高到低季节排序略有差异;⑤2009年二区域臭氧污染最严重,该年四季中春季臭氧污染最为突出。     

Approaches to standardization of atmospheric pollution undergoing long-range and transboundary transport

The authors consider some possible ways of regulating three types of atmospheric emission of pollutants:

1. emission of substances causing pollution of the natural environment on the global scale (global pollutants);
2. emission of substances causing pollution on a regional scale, most often including territories of several countries (international pollutants);
3. emission of substances causing negative effects in a relatively limited region, for example within border area of two adjoining countries.

Substances (gaseous, as a rule) of a long life-time in the atmosphere that can contaminate natural media on a global scale irrespective of the place of emission refer to the first class of pollutants that are subject to emission regulation at an international level and to quota establishement for individual countries. They are carbon dioxide, freon, krypton-85. Various approaches to determining permissible emission and to quota establishing are discussed in the paper. The second group includes substances of a limited, yet rather long, life-time whose emission intensity makes a notable contribution to environmental pollution of a large region including territories of several countries. Here it is needed to regulate internationally not the atmospheric emission as it is but pollutant transport over national boundaries (sulphur and nitrogen oxides, pesticides, heavy metals). The third group includes substances of relatively short time of life producing local effects. Emission regulation in such cases should be based upon bilateral agreements with due account of countries' mutual interests.     

Study of meteorological aspects and urban concentration of SO2 in atmospheric environment of La Plata, Argentina

This article presents and discusses SO(2) (ppbv) concentration measurements combined with meteorological data (mainly wind speed and direction) for a five-year campaign (1996 to 2000), in a site near an oil refinery plant close to the city of La Plata and surroundings (aprox. 740.000 inh.), considered one of the six most affected cities by air pollution in the country. Since there is no monitoring network in the area, the obtained results should be considered as medium term accumulated data that enables to determine trends by analyzing together gas concentrations and meteorological parameters. Preliminary characterization of the behaviour of the predominant winds of the region in relation with potential atmospheric gas pollutants from seasonal wind roses is possible to carry out from the data. These results are complemented with monthly averaged SO(2) measurements. In particular, for year 2000, pollutant roses were determined which enable predictions about contamination emission sources. As a general result we can state that there is a clear increase in annual SO(2) concentration and that the selected site should be considered as a key site for future survey monitoring network deployment. Annual SO(2) average concentration and prevailing seasonal winds determined in this work, together with the potential health impact of SO(2) reveals the need for a comprehensive and systematic study involving particulate matter an other basic pollutant gases.     

Weekly variation of atmospheric particle micromorphology and chemistry in Brussels urban environment

The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of urban activities on airborne particle dynamics during weekend periods in Brussels urban area. Differences in the granulometry and micromorphology between particles sampled on working days and weekends were studied. We quantified the area, size, number, and the chemistry parameters of the airborne particles and compared between Saturday, Sunday, and Monday. We report and analyze data on airborne particles up to PM10, measured in the Brussels region from October 2002 to September 2003. Our investigation reveals detailed information regarding chemical composition of the airborne particles over the weekend period in the Brussels urban area. Furthermore, the majority of the airborne particles in the Brussels region may belong to sources geographically outside the (in situ) Brussels area.     

Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity in a seasonally dry tropical urban environment

This study was conducted in the urban environment of Varanasi, India, to evaluate the plant responses to urban air pollution. Twenty sites were selected in four different zones of the city. At each site, seven woody perennials of same age classes were selected. Out of the four zones (I, II, III and IV), zone IV was used as a reference (control) zone as it received the minimum pollution input. Plant species growing in polluted and control areas were compared with respect to foliar dust load, per cent leaf area injury, leaf area, specific leaf weight and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, SO ₄ ^2– S and total N concentration in the leaves. Results indicated that the air pollution level in Varanasi causes leaf damage, reduces leaf area, specific leaf weight and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and total N concentrations in the leaves. Sulphur concentration in leaves increased with increasing level of SO₂ in the ambient air. The magnitude of such changes was maximum at the zone receiving maximum pollution load. Carissa carandas was found to be the most sensitive species and Bougainvillea spectabilis, the least. The study shows that the urban air pollution level in Varanasi is detrimental for the growth of plants involved in this study.     

苏州市区BTX污染现状及变化规律

通过对苏州市区环境空气中BTX的监测,结果表明：苏州市区环境空气中BTX的污染程度不容乐观。其中，苯浓度6.2μg/m^3,超过欧盟标准的0.24倍。环境空气中BTX有明显的季节变化，夏季＜秋（春）季＜冬季；环境空气中交通测点的BTX高于其他地区。机动车排气及汽油挥发是BTX污染的主要来源。