南四湖港口污染物扩散区COD降解系数的研究

本文对南四湖港口污染物扩散区内的ＣＯＤ降解规律进行了室内模拟试验研究,采用最小二乘法估计出了ＣＯＤ可降解部分的降解系数和不可降解部分的百分比,并通过方差分析验证了模型的可靠性。ＣＯＤ降解系数和不可降解百分比的获取,可以为预测各港口对南四湖水质变化趋势的影响,为制定相应的水污染防治规划和措施,提供了重要的基础数据。     

松花江哈尔滨段主干流常规污染物动态衰减速度系数的测算研究

采用2011—2013年松花江哈尔滨段各断面水质监测数据和老头湾水文数据,运用实测资料反推法和河流一维水质模型对该段干流的COD、BOD5、NH3-N的衰减速度系数K进行测算,结果表明:1—12月朱顺屯—大顶子山的KCOD、KBOD5、KNH3-N分别在0.035 d-1~3.372 d-1、0.368 d-1~5.459 d-1和0.245 d-1~5.600 d-1之间;冰封期各污染物K值小于明水期,夏季(6—8月)K值大于其他季节。以2013年阿什河口下—呼兰河口下河段上、下游各断面的监测数据对测算的各污染物动态K值进行率定,实际监测值与预测浓度年内变化趋势基本一致,相对误差在25%以内,水质验证结果较满意。     

考虑水温变化的变降解系数在北京市北运河水质模拟中的应用

综合降解系数是水质模拟预测、水环境容量计算中的关键参数之一,并且受温度影响较大。首先基于北京市北运河代表站2010年逐日水温资料,根据描述氨氮降解系数与温度之间数量关系的经验公式,得到随水温变化的动态降解系数以及年均水温对应的恒定降解系数,并采用模型试错法进行修正。然后基于MIKE11模型,模拟了采用变降解系数和恒定降解系数2种情景下北运河榆林庄断面氨氮浓度的变化。结果表明:2种情景均能较好地模拟氨氮浓度的年变化趋势,但采用变降解系数下大多月份模拟得到的月均质量浓度相对实测值误差较小,尤其是4—12月各月平均质量浓度模拟误差控制在15%以内,全年日均质量浓度模拟误差不足4%,模型表现更为稳定。     

典型北方山地河流不同形态氮磷降解系数的测算

选择丹河为中国北方典型山地河流,通过室内实验、低流速条件野外监测和放水条件下的水团追踪法,解析河流中氮磷的形态组成及其降解系数。结果表明:丹河典型河段中,枯水期氮主要以硝氮为主(占比为78%),丰水期以氨氮为主(占比为57%);正磷酸盐在枯水期和丰水期都是磷的主要形态。静态实验中总氮的降解系数为0.012~0.033 d^-1,氨氮为0.169~0.221 d^-1,硝氮和亚硝氮降解系数为负,说明氮的降解主要以氨氮为主;总磷的降解系数为0.164~0.311 d^-1,不到正磷酸盐降解系数的一半,说明总磷主要以正磷酸盐降解为主。野外极低流速下,受河水表面复氧作用的影响,顺直宽阔河道相比于弯曲窄深河道更有利于氮磷的降解;而在闸坝放水条件下,随着流速的增加,氮磷降解系数将迅速增加。流速(v)与氮磷的降解系数(k)呈正相关,相关方程为k(TN)=22.52v-14.541和k(TP)=12.37v-6.5917。     

The Pollution Load by Nitrogen and Phosphorus IN the Jadro River

The objective of the investigations of the Jadro River, located in Croatia, was to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Jadro River spring and its streamflow by calculating the load in kg/day or tons/year and to compare this with the load for the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for drinking water (Official Bulletin, No 46/94) expressed in kg/day or tons/year.Daily pollution loads at the Jadro River spring for total N ranged from 0 to 304 kg, for NH₃-N from 0 to 38 kg, for NO₃-N from 0–1321 kg and for PO₄-P from 0–92 kg in the period from September 1993 to September 2003. When compared with MAC loads the results prove that the Jadro River spring is not polluted by nitrogen compounds and phosphorus.The average annual load for total N ranged from 10 to 33 t, for NH₃-N from 0.25 to 5.15 t, for NO₃-N from 40 to 190 t, and for PO₄-P from 0.3 to 11.5 t. The nitrogen compounds and phosphorus loads vary from one year to another without any constant decreasing or increasing trends. The annual average loads compared with the average annual MAC loads (especially for NH₃-N and PO₄-P) show that there were no threats of constant pollution of the spring.The loads for total N and PO₄-P along the Jadro River flow from the spring to the fishpond entrance were monitored over a five year period from September 1999 to September 2004. The results show no regularities. The highest annual total nitrogen load of 45 t was recorded at the entrance to the fishpond during the 2002/2003 period. The highest annual PO₄-P load of 10 t was measured at the Vidović Bridge during the 2003/2004 period; however, the concentrations of N and P did not exceed the MAC concentrations which are prescribed for drinking water.According to the investigation results of the daily and average annual loads compared with MAC loads for drinking water, it can be concluded that the Jadro River spring and its streamflow are not polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus.     

水中总氮快速测定实验方法研究

针对现行总氮标准测定方法存在的操作繁琐、耗时长等缺点,采用COD消解加热器消解代替原标准方法中的高温高压消解步骤,以简化实验步骤、缩短用时,建立快速测定水中总氮的分析方法.通过对本方法进行平行实验、加标回收实验以及与标准方法的对比实验等分析实验结果,方法的线性范围为0 ～ 4.00 mg/L,平均加标回收率是102.3％,标样平行实验的相对标准偏差是1.05％,准确度、精确度和回收率均达到标准要求,方法具有一定的推广价值.     

水中总氮测定方法存在问题的研究及改进

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水中总氮采用的消解器皿是玻璃比色管,易造成空白偏高、结果偏低等问题。采用双圆柱状的消解杯对水样进行消解。结果表明,消解杯消解水中总氮,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.05 mg/L,相对标准偏差小于5%,相对误差为0.88%~1.00%;改进后的消解器皿具有较好的精密度和准确度,能够更加准确测定水中总氮的含量。     

在同一消解液中同时测定总磷和总氮

探讨了在同一消解液中同时测定总磷、总氮的分析方法。实验结果表明,选用合适的氢氧化钠和过硫酸钾的加入量,可在同一消解液中同时测定总磷和总氮,并能克服消解液保存时间短的缺点。应用本文所拟最佳条件对标样和水样进行分析,结果准确,方法实用。     

污水处理厂氮排放特征

为了更好地掌握污水处理厂运行和排放情况,在全国南方、北方分别选取3个省共11个城市122家污水处理厂,于2013年8—10月进行了专项监测。结果表明：75?4％的污水处理厂氨氮出水质量浓度小于2 mg／L,氨氮平均去除率达90?2％,但总氮的平均去除率仅为55?5％,污水处理厂排水中仍存在较多非氨氮形态的氮污染进入环境。氨氮排放达标的污水处理厂中,有约20％的总氮排放未达标。65?5％的污水处理厂出水氨氮占总氮的比例低于10％,而84?4％的污水处理厂进水中氨氮占总氮的比例高于50％。总氮是影响污水处理厂达标排放的主要污染因子。     

总氮总磷在线自动监测仪的现状与问题

总氮总磷在线自动监测仪已在我国水质自动监测系统中得到广泛应用。其生产厂家日趋成熟、相关标准逐步出台、仪器性能基本达标。但在实际应用过程中,该仪器仍有许多问题需要进一步认识与改进。从测定方法、国家标准、前处理、自动标定、检出限等几个方面,分析了该仪器存在的问题,并提出了相关建议。     

The water quality of the Vrgorska Matica River

The article presents the results of investigations carried out on the 42 km long Vrgorska Matica River, which flows through the 15 km long Vrgorsko polje (polje = field) which covers an areaof 3000 ha, and is at 24 m a.s.l., located in Southern Croatia.It covers the years 1997–2000 after this field had been reclaimed for agricultural use.The purpose of the investigations was to evaluate the influence of the Vrgorska Matica River which is part of the catchment areaof the Trebizat River, on the water quality in Modro Oko Lakeand Prud Spring, which are used for water supply and are locateddownstream of the Vrgorska Matica River on the right bank of theNeretva River.The water quality was evaluated by using the quality index basedon the following nine parameters: temperature, mineralization, corrosion coefficient, K = (Cl + SO₄)/HCO₃, dissolvedoxygen, BOD₅, total N, protein N, total phosphorus and totalcoliform bacteria (100 mL)^-1 (MPN coli (100 mL)^-1) for which concentrations C ₉₅ are calculated. After completingthe nine parameters the results of C ₉₅ were recorded andtransferred to the score table to obtain the q-value. The q-value used is an attempt to quantify environmental factors which would otherwise be qualitative. For each parameter the q-value was multiplied by a weighting factor based upon the relative significance of the parameter. The nine resulting scores values were then added to arrive at an overall water quality index (S₉₅).According to this index the water can be classified into four categories. The first category, according to the Croatian Water Classification Act (Official Bulletin No. 77,1998), includes ground and surface waters used for drinking or in the food industry either in its natural state or after disinfection, and surface water used for raising high-quality species of fish, ranging from 85–100 scores; the second category includes waterused in its natural state for swimming and recreation, sports orfor other species of fish and the treated water used for drinkingand other industrial purposes ranging between 70–85 scores. Thethird category includes water used in industry with no specific requests upon water quality and in agriculture ranging from 50–70 scores; the fourth category includes water used only afterbeing treated in areas with water shortage which is less than 50 scores.According to results obtained by investigations, the water of theVrgorska Matica River and Prud Spring falls into the second (II)category, while water from the Modro Oko Lake belongs to the first (I) category. This means that the Matica River water does not influence the water quality of the Modro Oko Lake. This lakewater quality is influenced by the Rastoka Matica River from theRastoko polje which is located upstream from the Vrgorska MaticaRiver. This has been proved by dyeing tests.     

水质总氮、总磷在线自动分析仪的发展现状

对水质总氮和总磷在线自动分析仪的方法原理,主要类型,主要技术特点以及主要仪器型号等发展现状进行了评述。     

基于地面光谱数据和Sentinel-2卫星影像的三峡库区水质时空变化特征分析

基于2022年7月星地同步光谱观测试验数据,构建了基于哨兵2号卫星的三峡库区全段水质总氮、总磷浓度遥感反演模型,结合Sentinel-2影像数据,研究分析库区2021年1、2、7、9月的总氮、总磷浓度时空变化特征。研究结果表明:反演模型整体准确度较高,其中总氮平均误差为3.20%,总磷平均误差为-6.46%;库区水质总氮总磷浓度呈现7月汛期最高、1月和2月高水位浓度低的时间规律,因各区域的土地利用和生产生活方式不同,导致开州、云阳、江津、涪陵等地区局部河段呈现浓度较高的现象,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)评价方法,精准评价库区各区域水质类别和河段面积占比,枯水期三峡库区总磷浓度IV类河段占比大幅增加;空间上,支流河段常年水质较差,70%以上河段为IV类,其次是枯水期万县至大坝干流河段(IV类占比66%以上);采用湖泊标准进行评价的河段总氮浓度常年处于IV类和V类水质标准,其中7月总氮V类河段占比小幅增加。     

洋河水库蓝藻水华爆发预测影响因子研究

为了预测洋河水库富营养化变化趋势和蓝藻水华爆发的风险,对洋河水库水体进行采样,分析其环境质量.研究结果表明,近年来洋河水库叶绿素a含量处于高位,氮、磷含量不断上升,特别是总氮质量浓度在5 mg/L左右,主要以硝态氮的形式存在,富营养化程度不断加剧,具有大规模爆发蓝藻水华的风险.对洋河水库藻华爆发的环境条件进行分析,提出...