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Hydrogen island: the story and motivations behind the Icelandic hydrogen society experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The paper describes the background, motivations and action plan for an extensive experiment with hydrogen (H) as an energy
carrier in Iceland. The energy consumption of Iceland is described as well as the role of fossil fuel imports in the otherwise
renewable energy scenario. The paper goes on describing the academic/political reasons for the drive towards the H economy
experiment and the international consortium created to herald the work. Finally the paper describes the ongoing projects in
Iceland and the anticipated development of H research and development in the country. 相似文献
2.
Taru Lehtinen Anu Mikkonen Bergur Sigfusson Kristín Ólafsdóttir Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir Rannveig Guicharnaud 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(3):1759-1768
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a threat to the environment due to their high adsorption capacity to soil organic matter, stability and low reactivity, low water solubility, toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate. With Icelandic soils, research on contamination issues has been very limited and no data has been reported either on PCB degradation potential or rate. The goals of this research were to assess the bioavailability of aged PCBs in the soils of the old North Atlantic Treaty Organization facility in Keflavík, Iceland and to find the best biostimulation method to decrease the pollution. The effectiveness of different biostimulation additives (N fertiliser, white clover and pine needles) at different temperatures (10 and 30 °C) and oxygen levels (aerobic and anaerobic) were tested. PCB bioavailability to soil fauna was assessed with earthworms (Eisenia foetida). PCBs were bioavailable to earthworms (bioaccumulation factor 0.89 and 0.82 for earthworms in 12.5 ppm PCB soil and in 25 ppm PCB soil, respectively), with less chlorinated congeners showing higher bioaccumulation factors than highly chlorinated congeners. Biostimulation with pine needles at 10 °C under aerobic conditions resulted in nearly 38 % degradation of total PCBs after 2 months of incubation. Detection of the aerobic PCB degrading bphA gene supports the indigenous capability of the soils to aerobically degrade PCBs. Further research on field scale biostimulation trials with pine needles in cold environments is recommended in order to optimise the method for onsite remediation. 相似文献
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Sigurdur Reynir Gislason Domenik Wolff-Boenisch Andri Stefansson Eric H. Oelkers Einar Gunnlaugsson Hólmfridur Sigurdardottir Bergur Sigfusson Wallace S. Broecker Juerg M. Matter Martin Stute Gudni Axelsson Thrainn Fridriksson 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(3):537-545
In this paper we describe the thermodynamic and kinetic basis for mineral storage of carbon dioxide in basaltic rock, and how this storage can be optimized. Mineral storage is facilitated by the dissolution of CO2 into the aqueous phase. The amount of water required for this dissolution decreases with decreased temperature, decreased salinity, and increased pressure. Experimental and field evidence suggest that the factor limiting the rate of mineral fixation of carbon in silicate rocks is the release rate of divalent cations from silicate minerals and glasses. Ultramafic rocks and basalts, in glassy state, are the most promising rock types for the mineral sequestration of CO2 because of their relatively fast dissolution rate, high concentration of divalent cations, and abundance at the Earth's surface. Admixture of flue gases, such as SO2 and HF, will enhance the dissolution rates of silicate minerals and glasses. Elevated temperature increases dissolution rates but porosity of reactive rock formations decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. Reduced conditions enhance mineral carbonation as reduced iron can precipitate in carbonate minerals. Elevated CO2 partial pressure increases the relative amount of carbonate minerals over other secondary minerals formed. The feasibility to fix CO2 by carbonation in basaltic rocks will be tested in the CarbFix project by: (1) injection of CO2 charged waters into basaltic rocks in SW Iceland, (2) laboratory experiments, (3) studies of natural analogues, and (4) geochemical modelling. 相似文献
4.
Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
van Franeker JA Blaize C Danielsen J Fairclough K Gollan J Guse N Hansen PL Heubeck M Jensen JK Le Guillou G Olsen B Olsen KO Pedersen J Stienen EW Turner DM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2609-2615
The abundance of plastics in stomachs of northern fulmars from the North Sea is used in the OSPAR Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) for marine litter. The preliminary EcoQO defines acceptable ecological quality as the situation where no more than 10% of fulmars exceed a critical level of 0.1 g of plastic in the stomach. During 2003-2007, 95% of 1295 fulmars sampled in the North Sea had plastic in the stomach (on average 35 pieces weighing 0.31 g) and the critical level of 0.1 g of plastic was exceeded by 58% of birds, with regional variations ranging from 48 to 78%. Long term data for the Netherlands since the 1980s show a decrease of industrial, but an increase of user plastics, with shipping and fisheries as the main sources. The EcoQO is now also used as an indicator for Good Environmental Status in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. 相似文献
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