用BaCl2滴定法快速测定硫酸盐的研究

用铬酸钡光度法、EDTA滴定法、间接原子吸收法、离子色谱法等方法测定SO42-检测上限都很低(12-200mg/L),且只适用于清洁水,若水样混浊则全引起较大的误差.有的地下水,SO42-浓度高达44000mg/L,用BaCl2滴定法测定SO42-:测试水样,以溴酚蓝做酸碱指示剂,加1∶50盐酸,调为pH=3.5,加入30ml异丙醇,以钍试剂做终点指示剂,滴加0.01mol/L BaCl2,砖红色为终点,根据BaCl2用量计算SO42-浓度.本方法快捷、准确、测定范围大,上限可达2000mg/L,克服了光度法测定浑浊水样引起误差大的缺点.     

用BaCl2滴定法快速测定硫酸盐的研究

用铬酸钡光度法、EDTA滴定法、间接原予吸收法、离子色谱法等方法测定SO4^2-检测上限都很低（12—200mg／L），且只适用于清洁水，若水样混浊则会引起较大的误差。有的地下水，SO4^2-浓度高迭44000mg／L，用BaCl2滴定法测定SO4^2-：测试水样，以溴酚蓝做酸碱指示剂，加1：50盐酸，调为pH=3．5，加入30ml异丙醇，以钍试荆做终点指示荆，滴加0．01mol／L BaCl2，砖红色为终点，根据BaCl2用量计算SO4^2-浓度。本方法快捷、准确、测定范围大，上限可迭2000mg／L，克服了光度法测定浑浊水样引起误差大的缺点。     

Designing Systematic Conservation Assessments that Promote Effective Implementation: Best Practice from South Africa

Abstract:  Systematic conservation assessment and conservation planning are two distinct fields of conservation science often confused as one and the same. Systematic conservation assessment is the technical, often computer-based, identification of priority areas for conservation. Conservation planning is composed of a systematic conservation assessment coupled with processes for development of an implementation strategy and stakeholder collaboration. The peer-reviewed conservation biology literature abounds with studies analyzing the performance of assessments (e.g., area-selection techniques). This information alone, however, can never deliver effective conservation action; it informs conservation planning. Examples of how to translate systematic assessment outputs into knowledge and then use them for "doing" conservation are rare. South Africa has received generous international and domestic funding for regional conservation planning since the mid-1990s. We reviewed eight South African conservation planning processes and identified key ingredients of best practice for undertaking systematic conservation assessments in a way that facilitates implementing conservation action. These key ingredients include the design of conservation planning processes, skills for conservation assessment teams, collaboration with stakeholders, and interpretation and mainstreaming of products (e.g., maps) for stakeholders. Social learning institutions are critical to the successful operationalization of assessments within broader conservation planning processes and should include not only conservation planners but also diverse interest groups, including rural landowners, politicians, and government employees.     

PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNATIONAL GROUND-WATER LAW (I)

International ground-water resources have not received their full share of legal investigation. This paper outlines some principles applicable to the development of international co-operation concerning this important resource, bearing in mind that ground and surface waters are the same resource. In the absence of positive international law covering ground-water resources, national laws are investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation to the international level. In a second paper, to be published in the next issue of the Forum , the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states will be reviewed.     

Socioeconomic Drivers of Deforestation in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon

Investigations of land use/land cover (LULC) change and forest management are limited by a lack of understanding of how socioeconomic factors affect land use. This lack also constrains the predictions of future deforestation, which is especially important in the Amazon basin, where large tracts of natural forest are being converted to managed uses. Research presented in this article was conducted to address this lack of understanding. Its objectives are (a) to quantify deforestation in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA) during the periods 1986–1996 and 1996–2002; and (b) to determine the significance and magnitude of the effects of socioeconomic factors on deforestation rates at both the parroquia (parish) and finca (farm) levels. Annual deforestation rates were quantified via satellite image processing and geographic information systems. Linear spatial lag regression analyses were then used to explore relationships between socioeconomic factors and deforestation. Socioeconomic factors were obtained, at the finca level, from a detailed household survey carried out in 1990 and 1999, and at the parroquia level from data in the 1990 and 2001 Ecuadorian censuses of population. We found that the average annual deforestation rate was 2.5% and 1.8%/year for 1986–1996 and 1996–2002, respectively. At the parroquia level, variables representing demographic factors (i.e., population density) and accessibility factors (i.e., road density), among others, were found to be significantly related to deforestation. At the farm level, the factors related to deforestation were household size, distance by road to main cities, education, and hired labor. The findings of this research demonstrate both the severity of deforestation in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon and the array of factors affecting deforestation in the tropics.     

PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNATIONAL GROUND-WATER LAW (II)

This is the second part of a paper outlining some principles applicable to the development of international law in the sub-sector of ground-water resources. In the first part of the paper, in the previous issue of the Forum , national ground-water laws were investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation at the international level. This part of the paper is devoted to reviewing the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states. It also draws the general conclusion of the entire paper.     

上海地区霾时气溶胶类型垂直分布的季节变化

采用上海地区2007年1月~2010年11月CALIPSO星载激光雷达Level 2反演资料,对清洁海洋型、沙尘型、大陆污染型、大陆清洁型、污染沙尘型和烟尘型等类型气溶胶垂直分布进行了分析,研究了其季节变化规律.结果表明:霾发生时0~2km高度烟尘型气溶胶出现频率明显高于非霾时,而在2~8km高度,沙尘型、污染沙尘型与大陆污染型明显高于非霾时.0~2km高度春季霾大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节;0~2km夏季污染沙尘型气溶胶与海洋型气溶胶出现频率均高于其他季节,特别是污染沙尘型;秋季霾期间,0~2km高度范围内烟尘型出现频率明显高于2~6km高度;冬季污染沙尘型、烟尘、大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节.