饮用水中三卤甲烷的生成机理与影响因素研究进展

在饮用水消毒过程中,氯会与天然有机物(NOM)等反应生成消毒副产物(DBPs),三卤甲烷(THMs)是一种主要的DBPs,长期低浓度的THMs暴露对人体有一定的健康风险。THMs和其前驱物种类繁多、生成机理复杂且影响因素诸多,如何抑制消毒过程中THMs的形成是饮用水安全领域的研究热点。通过查阅大量文献,从THMs形成机理及影响因素等方面归纳了目前THMs研究现状,总结了甲基酮、腐殖酸、氨基酸、β-二酮等重要前驱物生成THMs的反应途径,探讨了操作条件以及离子对THMs生成的影响,对该领域未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Control of food influx by temporal subcastes in the fire ant,Solenopsis invicta

Summary Temporal subcastes in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren were selectively starved to determine if foragers could assess the nutritional status of their nestmates and respond accordingly. We found that starved foragers increase the honey entering the colony (Fig. 1). When nurses are starved more oil and liquid egg yolk enters the colony (Figs. 2, 3) and when both reserves and nurses are starved, more egg yolk powder is brought in by the foragers (Fig. 4). When queens are starved, more liquid egg yolk and oil enters the colony (Figs. 2, 3). Starved larvae increase the oil in the colony (Fig. 2) and when held with nurses for 24h before feeding, increase the egg yolk powder brought in and receive significantly more of it than other subcaste members (Fig. 5). We conclude that foragers can respond to the nutritional needs of their nestmates. Based on our behavioural observations, the quantity of food brought in by the foragers is regulated via discriminatory solicitation by reserves in response to the nutritional needs of the nurses.     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations of Mink in Canadian Lakes Erie and St. Clair

Mink (Mustela vison) carcasses were collected from local commercial trappers from fall 1998 to spring 2003 from tributaries and marshes within 4.8km from the shores of Lakes Erie and St. Clair, including the Wheatley Harbour and St. Clair River Areas of Concern (AOCs), as well as from inland sites (8 to 40km from shore). Liver concentrations, on a lipid weight basis, of chlorinated hydrocarbons were measured and compared among sites and to tissue concentrations of mink from two previous collections from similar sites over the past 25 years. Mink from the western Lake Erie sites, which included the Wheatley Harbour AOC, had significantly higher concentrations of sum PCBs and PCB Aroclors than those from the St. Clair corridor or inland sites, with concentrations from the rest of Lake Erie being intermediate. Dieldrin concentrations were also significantly higher in western Lake Erie than many other sites, and those of oxychlordane and mirex also tended to be higher (0.05 < p < 0.1). There were no differences in contaminant concentrations between the St. Clair River AOC and the downstream non-AOC Lake St. Clair site, with the exception of slightly higher levels of octachlorostyrene (OCS). Concentrations of PCBs and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in mink showed a general decrease over the past two decades. In contrast, PCBs and some organochlorine pesticides tended to increase, significantly so with oxychlordane, in western Lake Erie mink over the same time period. DDE declined at all sites. Currently, mink liver PCB concentrations are within the range associated with reproductive impairment, as determined from captive mink studies, in 11.7% of all animals collected from the Lakes Erie and St. Clair basin overall, but in almost 40% of individuals from western Lake Erie.     

内蒙古典型草原羊粪和牛粪的分解特征

为了解畜粪的分解特征及对半干旱典型草原养分循环的影响,于2008年6月~2009年10月采用人为控制的野外实验,研究了羊粪和牛粪对内蒙古典型草原草地的输入量,分解过程中的重量损失、有机物和氮(N)、磷(P)浓度变化.结果表明,羊粪和牛粪的年输入量分别约为(17.8±13.8)kg hm-2和(365.6±495.9)kg hm-2.分解450 d后,残留粪样中有机物浓度较鲜粪减少约14.46%(羊粪)和48.78%(牛粪),即羊粪的分解速率较牛粪显著缓慢,2种粪的残留粪块在草地中堆置时间至少可达2个生长季以上.两种粪中,N素以有机态为主,矿化和释放速度均较慢;P素以无机态为主,释放速度较快;春季冻融变化可以显著促进两种粪中N和P的矿化速率;实验结束时,残留粪样中的全N浓度较鲜粪分别降低了25.89%(羊粪)和16.07%(牛粪),全P分别降低了30.73%和27.21%.埋入地下处理,可以消除风蚀对羊粪块失重的影响,使残留粪样保持较高湿度,促进有机质分解,并改变淋溶作用对粪块中养分含量的影响;但对牛粪分解无明显影响.从研究结果可以看出,家畜粪在半干旱草地环境中分解较慢,堆积过程中对草地的养分循环有重要影响.     

影响曝气生物滤池硝化性能的因素

对影响曝气生物滤池硝化性能的因素进行分析,并在对目前相关研究资料分析综合的基础上,提出了优化曝气生物滤池硝化性能的控制方法以及工艺参数的适宜范围：BAF的滤料粒径2—3mm为宜,BAF运行应尽可能地使用较大的滤速,适宜的气水比为3：1,温度为25—30℃,填料层的高度2m左右比较适宜,不需要太高。对于去碳和硝化作用在同一滤池内进行的BAF,进水有机负荷（BOD）应该低于3．0kg/（m^3·d）,而对于两段BAF,应控制去碳滤池出水的COD浓度小于60mg/L。     

Cadmium pollution enhanced ozone damage to winter wheat: biochemical and physiological evidences

Combined e ects of ozone (O3) and cadmium (Cd) on growth and physiology of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. JM22) were determined. Wheat plants were grown without or with Cd and exposed to charcoal-filtered air (< 10 ppb O3) or elevated O3 (80 5 ppb, 7 hr/day) for 20 days. Results showed that O3 considerably depressed light saturated net photosynthetic rate (–20%), stomatal conductance (–33%), chlorophyll content (–33%), and total biomass (–29%) without Cd. The corresponding decreases were further enhanced by 45%, 56%, 60% and 59%, respectively with Cd, indicating a synergistic e ect of O3 and Cd on wheat. Ozone significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (46%), catalase (48%) and peroxidase (56%). However, great increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (2.55 folds) and intercellular CO2 concentration (1.13 folds) were noted in O3+Cd treatment compared to control. Our findings demonstrated that the increased anti-oxidative activities in wheat plants exposed to O3+Cd might not be enough to overcome the adverse e ects of the combination of both pollutants as evidenced by further increase in MDA content, which is an important indicator of lipid peroxidation. Precise prediction model on O3 damages to crop should be conducted to ensure agricultural production security by considering environmental constraints in an agricultural system in peri-urban regions.     

Mercury contamination in human hair and fish from Cambodia: levels, specific accumulation and risk assessment

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in human hair and fish samples from Phnom Penh, Kien Svay, Tomnup Rolork and Batrong, Cambodia, collected in November 1999 and December 2000 were determined to understand the status of contamination, and age- and sex-dependent accumulation in humans and to assess the intake of mercury via fish consumption. Mercury concentrations in human hair ranged from 0.54 to 190mug/g dry wt. About 3% of the samples contained Hg levels exceeding the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) of WHO (50mug/g) and the levels in some hair samples of women also exceeded the NOAEL (10mug/g) associated with fetus neurotoxicity. A weak but significant positive correlation was observed between age and Hg levels in hair of residents. Mercury concentrations in muscle of marine and freshwater fish from Cambodia ranged from <0.01 to 0.96mug/g wet wt. Mercury intake rates were estimated on the basis of the Hg content in fish and daily fish consumption. Three samples of marine fish including sharp-tooth snapper and obtuse barracuda, and one sample of sharp-tooth snapper exceeded the guidelines by US EPA and by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), respectively, which indicates that some fish specimens examined (9% and 3% for US EPA and JECFA guidelines, respectively) were hazardous for consumption at the ingestion rate of Cambodian people (32.6g/day). It is suggested that fish is probably the main source of Hg for Cambodian people. However, extremely high Hg concentrations were observed in some individuals and could not be explained by Hg intake from fish consumption, indicating some other contamination sources of Hg in Cambodia.     

Impacts of daily weather variability on simulations of the Canadian boreal forest

This study examines the importance of climate variability when simulating forest succession using a process-based model of stand development. The FORSKA-2V forest gap model, originally developed for forcing with monthly mean climate data, was modified to accept daily weather data. The model's performance was compared using different temporal resolutions of forcing along a bioclimatic transect crossing the boreal region of central Canada, including the aspen-parkland and forest-tundra ecotones. Forcing the model with daily weather data improved the simulation of key attributes of present-day forest along the transect, particularly at the ecotones, compared to forcing with monthly data or long term averages. The results support the hypothesis that climatic variability at daily time-scales is an important determinant of present-day boreal forest composition and productivity. To simulate boreal forest response to climatic change it will be necessary to create climatic scenarios that include plausible projections of future daily scale variability.     

有机固体废弃物资源化利用探究

有机废弃物有机质含量高,是一种潜在的资源,将其资源化利用,既可解决资源短缺问题,又可减少碳排放.本文就有机固废的资源化利用分为农业农村有机废弃物和城市有机固废的资源化两方面进行了总结性阐述,以探索有机固废资源化利用的多元模式.