Point Sampling Digital Imagery with ‘Samplepoint’

Measuring percent occurrence of objects from digital images can save time and expense relative to conventional field measurements. However, the accuracy of image analysis had, until now, not reached the level of the best conventional field measurements. Additionally, most image-analysis software programs require advanced user training to successfully analyze images. Here we present a new software program, ‘SamplePoint,’ that provides the user a single-pixel sample point and the ability to view and identify the pixel context. We found SamplePoint to allow accuracy comparable with the most accurate field-methods for ground-cover measurements. Expert use of the program requires minimal training and its ease of use allows rapid measurements from image data. We recommend SamplePoint for calibrating the threshold-detection level of image-analysis software or for making direct measurements of percent occurrence from digital images.     

NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR TREND DETECTION IN WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES1

ABSTRACT: A review of nonparametric tests for trend leads to the conclusion that Mann-Whitney, Spearman, and Kendall tests are the best choice for trend detection in water quality time series. Recently these tests have been adapted to account for dependence and seasonality in such series (Lettenmaier, 1976; Hirsch, et al., 1972; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). For monotonic trends, a procedure allowing to select the pertinent tests considering the characteristics of time series is proposed and the practical limitations of the tests are also brought out. This procedure has been applied to identify the appropriate trend detection test for the time series of nine water quality parameters at Lake Laflamme (Québec). When a time series can be tested with the Mann-Whitney, Kendall, Spearman, or Lettenmaier (1976) test, the number of observations required to detect trends of a given magnitude, for selected significance and power levels can be calculated with the power function of the t test. When the test proposed by Hirsch, et al. (1984), Hirsch and Slack (1984), or Farrell (1980) need to be used, the number of observations can only be estimated approximately from the results of empirical power studies.     

建立我国生态环境标准体系的初步构想

我国的生态环境标准极其薄弱，建立生态环境标准体系是我国生态环境保护的迫切需要。借鉴我国目前针对污染防治的环境标准体系，提出了我国生态环境标准体系的基本框架，以及生态环境标准制订的原则和重点。     

Precision Measurements from Very-Large Scale Aerial Digital Imagery

Managers need measurements and resource managers need the length/width of a variety of items including that of animals, logs, streams, plant canopies, man-made objects, riparian habitat, vegetation patches and other things important in resource monitoring and land inspection. These types of measurements can now be easily and accurately obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery having spatial resolutions as fine as 1 millimeter per pixel by using the three new software programs described here. VLSA images have small fields of view and are used for intermittent sampling across extensive landscapes. Pixel-coverage among images is influenced by small changes in airplane altitude above ground level (AGL) and orientation relative to the ground, as well as by changes in topography. These factors affect the object-to-camera distance used for image-resolution calculations. ‘ImageMeasurement’ offers a user-friendly interface for accounting for pixel-coverage variation among images by utilizing a database. ‘LaserLOG’ records and displays airplane altitude AGL measured from a high frequency laser rangefinder, and displays the vertical velocity. ‘Merge’ sorts through large amounts of data generated by LaserLOG and matches precise airplane altitudes with camera trigger times for input to the ImageMeasurement database. We discuss application of these tools, including error estimates. We found measurements from aerial images (collection resolution: 5–26 mm/pixel as projected on the ground) using ImageMeasurement, LaserLOG, and Merge, were accurate to centimeters with an error less than 10%. We recommend these software packages as a means for expanding the utility of aerial image data.     

江西武夷成矿带铜多金属矿产资源远景评价与展望

华南武夷山地区处于扬子、华夏两大构造单元交接叠加地段,构造变形复杂,中生代岩浆活动强烈,具有十分优越的成矿条件,矿产资源潜力巨大.本文以正在武夷山成矿带开展的矿产远景调查工作和资源评价工作所取得的阶段性成果为基础,分析了武夷山成矿带的成矿地质背景、主要矿床类型及近几年的找矿勘查成果,并对武夷成矿带江西省境内铜多金属矿产资源潜力进行了初步评价,划分了十七个找矿远景区.     

生态气象监测评估业务平台的设计与应用

  针对目前生态气象监测轨道业务的特点,结合工作的实际需要,运用C和C++语言建立了生态气象监测评估业务平台。在程序设计中,采用了生成中间交换文件的结构组织,能够对各模块的输出结果进行详尽直观的分析,并提供了等值线色斑图与区域填充等多种图形绘制方式。该系统可处理AVHRR和EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料,对气象观测报文进行解译、数据分类管理和质量控制,统计计算水体密度指数、湿润指数、植被覆盖指数、土地退化指数、灾害指数和生态质量综合评价指标,以图形、图像的形式输出生态气象监测评估产品,实现了卫星遥感与生态气象地面监测数据的有效组织和智能化管理。将系统应用于湖南省生态质量气象评价,业务化运行的结果表明,该系统具有较好的业务实用性。〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗
〖HT5”H〗     

Photosynthetic responses to temperature, light flux-density, CO2 concentration and vapour pressure deficit in Eucalyptus tetrodonta grown under CO2 enrichment

Seeds of Eucalyptus tetrodonta were sown under ambient or CO(2) enriched (700 microl litre(-1)) conditions in tropical Australia. Four sets of measurements were made, the first two after 12 months, on trees growing either in pots or planted in the ground. The third and fourth set were made after 18 and 30 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment, on trees growing in the ground. After 12 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment, the rate of light-saturated assimilation (Amax) of plants growing in the ground was determined. Responses of CO(2) assimilation to variations in leaf temperature, leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (LAVPD), light flux density and CO(2) concentration were also measured in the laboratory using plants growing in large pots. There was no significant difference in Amax between pot and ground located plants. Assimilation of E. tetrodonta was relatively insensitive to changes in LAVPD for both ambient and CO(2) enriched plants but the temperature optimum of assimilation was increased in plants grown and measured under CO(2) enrichment. Plants grown with CO(2) enrichment had an increased rate of light-saturated assimilation and apparent quantum yield was significantly increased by CO(2) enrichment. In contrast, carboxylation efficiency was decreased significantly by CO(2) enrichment. After 18 months growth with CO(2) enrichment, there was no sign of a decline in assimilation rate compared to measurements undertaken after 12 months. At low LAVPD values, assimilation rate was not influenced by CO(2) treatment but at moderate to high LAVPD, plants grown under CO(2) enrichment exhibited a larger assimilation rate than control plants. Specific leaf area and chlorophyll contents decreased in response to CO(2) enrichment, whilst foliar soluble protein contents and chlorophyll a/b ratios were unaffected by CO(2) treatment. Changes in soluble protein and chlorophyll contents in response to CO(2) enrichment did not account for changes in assimilation between treatments. After 30 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment, the rate of light-saturated assimilation was approximately 50% larger than controls and this enhancement was larger than that observed after 18 months exposure to CO(2) enrichment.     

Steel slag carbonation in a flow-through reactor system: The role of fluid-flux

Steel production is currently the largest industrial source of atmospheric CO₂. As annual steel production continues to grow, the need for effective methods of reducing its carbon footprint increases correspondingly. The carbonation of the calcium-bearing phases in steel slag generated during basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel production, in particular its major constituent, larnite {Ca₂SiO₄}, which is a structural analogue of olivine {(MgFe)₂SiO₄}, the main mineral subjected to natural carbonation in peridotites, offers the potential to offset some of these emissions. However, the controls on the nature and efficiency of steel slag carbonation are yet to be completely understood. Experiments were conducted exposing steel slag grains to a CO₂-H₂O mixture in both batch and flow-through reactors to investigate the impact of temperature, fluid flux, and reaction gradient on the dissolution and carbonation of steel slag. The results of these experiments show that dissolution and carbonation of BOF steel slag are more efficient in a flow-through reactor than in the batch reactors used in most previous studies. Moreover, they show that fluid flux needs to be optimized in addition to grain size, pressure, and temperature, in order to maximize the efficiency of carbonation. Based on these results, a two-stage reactor consisting of a high and a low fluid-flux chamber is proposed for CO₂ sequestration by steel slag carbonation, allowing dissolution of the slag and precipitation of calcium carbonate to occur within a single flow-through system.     

基于层次分析法的城市河流生态修复评估

城市的发展改变了许多河流的自然水文环境,并导致河流生态系统中水质、物理生境和生物完整性下降。评估受损河流水体修复的效果,需要结合物理、化学的参数,以及对生物结构、多样性和过程的影响。构建了包含河流水力、水质、水生生物、河岸带及物理结构5个方面15个指标的城市河流生态修复评估指标体系,运用群组决策的层次分析法(AHP),确定了各指标的权重,重要性排序前5位依次为：水质污染指数、鱼类IBI、水源补给量、藻类多样性、透明度。并以我国南方城市岐江河整治修复状况为例进行综合评价,结果表明,河流生态系统修复评估结果为可以接受,体现了河流整治工程使河流水质、生态的状况有所改善,但河流生态系统恢复需要较长的周期,修复初期生态系统仍处于受损状态。〖     

接种不同普通活性污泥培养厌氧氨氧化污泥的研究

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器（ASBR）,分别以普通厌氧活性污泥、混合污泥、好氧活性污泥为种泥,通过对氨氮,NO2^--N等指标监测、分析及污泥颜色的观察,研究采用不同普通活性污泥为种泥启动ASBR的可行性及差异。结果表明．ASBR反应器A和B成功启动,C因反应器故障．启动失败。采用厌氧活性污泥为接种污泥（反应器A）,当进水N的容积负荷为kg／（m^3·d）时,氨氮平均去除率为14.4％。P（NO2^--N）：p（NH4^＋-N）变化量为1．24。采用混合污泥为接种污泥（反应器B）．N的容积负荷于前者相同时,氨氮去除率平均29．7％,p（NO2^--N）：p（NH4^＋-N）变化量为1．27。采用混合普通活性污泥作为种泥培养厌氧氨氧化污泥优于单一厌氧普通活性污泥。