轻型汽车和汽车塑料配件涂装工艺过程的VOCs组分特征

通过采集和分析珠江三角洲(以下简称“珠三角”)地区轻型汽车和汽车塑料配件涂装工艺过程的VOCs样品,识别了上述两个行业不同涂装工艺过程的VOCs组分特征.结果表明:芳香烃(56.4%~75.5%)和OVOCs(11.0%~35.7%)为轻型汽车涂装工艺占比最大的两种VOCs组分;烷烃和烯炔烃在烘干工艺所占比重要高于喷涂工艺;1,2,4-三甲苯为电泳和面涂烘干工序的主要VOCs组分,间/对-二甲苯、乙酸丁酯、丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯分别为中涂、面涂和中涂烘干工序的主要VOCs组分.汽车塑料配件涂装工艺不同工序的VOCs组成相似,芳香烃(53.3%~58.3%)和OVOCs(40.9%~45.8%)为主要VOCs组成,甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯等为主要VOCs组分.不同废气治理设施对汽车塑料配件涂装工艺VOCs组分会造成一定的影响.活性炭吸附治理设施处理后的主要VOCs组分为甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯等芳香烃组分,水喷淋治理设施则为乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯等OVOCs类组分.通过与其他研究对比,丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯作为原辅料和废气中的主要组分之一,在以往研究中并未识别出来,表明针对测试对象的原辅料与工艺信息的现场调研是开展VOCs组分特征及成分谱研究的基础工作,建议未来该方面研究加强对前期调研工作的重视.此外,建议关注行业发展趋势给VOCs成分谱研究带来的影响.     

Current status of indoor dust PBDE pollution and its physical burden and health effects on children

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in indoor dust, which has been identified as a more important route of PBDE exposure for...     

Blood concentrations of lead,cadmium, mercury and their association with biomarkers of DNA oxidative damage in preschool children living in an e-waste recycling area

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage occurs in heavy metal exposure, but the simultaneous effect on DNA repair is unknown. We investigated the influence of co-exposure of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) mRNA levels in exposed children to evaluate the imbalance of DNA damage and repair. Children within the age range of 3–6 years from a primitive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling town were chosen as participants to represent a heavy metal-exposed population. 8-OHdG in the children’s urine was assessed for heavy metal-induced oxidative effects, and the hOGG1 mRNA level in their blood represented the DNA repair ability of the children. Among the children surveyed, 88.14% (104/118) had a blood Pb level >5 μg/dL, 22.03% (26/118) had a blood Cd level >1 μg/dL, and 62.11% (59/95) had a blood Hg level >10 μg/dL. Having an e-waste workshop near the house was a risk factor contributing to high blood Pb (r _s  = 0.273, p < 0.01), while Cd and Hg exposure could have come from other contaminant sources. Preschool children of fathers who had a college or university education had significantly lower 8-OHdG levels (median 242.76 ng/g creatinine, range 154.62–407.79 ng/g creatinine) than did children of fathers who had less education (p = 0.035). However, we did not observe a significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of hOGG1 between the different variables. Compared with children having low lead exposure (quartile 1), the children with high Pb exposure (quartiles 2, 3, and 4) had significantly higher 8-OHdG levels (β _Q2 = 0.362, 95% CI 0.111–0.542; β _Q3 = 0.347, 95% CI 0.103–0.531; β _Q4 = 0.314, 95% CI 0.087–0.557). Associations between blood Hg levels and 8-OHdG were less apparent. Compared with low levels of blood Hg (quartile 1), elevated blood Hg levels (quartile 2) were associated with higher 8-OHdG levels (β _Q2 = 0.236, 95% CI 0.039–0.406). Compared with children having low lead exposure (quartile 1), the children with high Pb exposure (quartiles 2, 3, and 4) had significantly higher 8-OHdG levels.     

负载AsOB离子交换纤维FFA-1去除水中三价砷

对比两组填充了离子交换纤维FFA-1的固定床反应器(R1和R2)的运行处理效果,研究负载功能微生物的离子纤维组合工艺对不同浓度As(Ⅲ)的去除能力.研究结果表明接种了三价砷氧化菌(AsOB)的R1能够长期稳定并高效地去除不同浓度(1～10 mg·L^-1)As(Ⅲ).未接种AsOB的R2反应器初期无法去除As(Ⅲ),随着微生物逐步侵入R2反应器,7 d后R2反应器As(Ⅲ)去除率逐渐与R1接近.相对于一直稳定运行的R1反应器,每次提升进水中As(Ⅲ)浓度后R2去除率呈现先下降后上升的趋势.同时,在运行过程中发现进水中NO^-₃和SO₄(2-)等阴离子也会被R1和R2去除从而导致As(Ⅲ)去除总量的下降.离子交换纤维FFA-1再生实验证实R1和R2中的纤维与原始的离子交换纤维FFA-1再生效果相当(再生率均达到90%以上).进一步研究微生物种群结构在反应器中的变化发现离子交换纤维作为微生物载体可能是影响微生物种群结构的重要因素.本研究证实了功能微生物AsOB联合离子交换纤维可以作为一种高效去除地下水中三价...     

Kinetic and mechanism studies of the ozonolysis of three unsaturated ketones

Reaction rate constants and products of 1-octen-3-one,3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one with ozone were studied in a 100-L fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) Teflon film bag using absolute rate method at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure.The rate constants were(1.09 ± 0.12) × 10^-17,(3.48 ± 0.36) × 10^-17 and(5.70±0.60) × 10^-17 cm³/(molecule·sec),respectively.According to the obtained rate constants,the effects of carbonyl were discussed.The carbonyl gro...     

水平潜流人工湿地脱氮功效中植物的作用

为了研究芦苇(Phragmites australis)在收割期前/后、湿地床体内部各个区域内、一年四季中在水平潜流人工湿地脱氮效用所起的作用,实验设置了有/无植物2组平行反应器。结果表明,芦苇在收割前/后对于水平潜流人工湿地脱氮效果均有促进作用,植物地上部分氮吸收量占湿地脱氮量的10.2%。在芦苇收割前/后(5月~9月、10月~次年5月),芦苇湿地日均脱氮量分别是无植物湿地的1.55倍与1.11倍。高、矮芦苇不同组织中总氮浓度分布趋势一致,2种芦苇各组织含量分别为:穗(28.69 g/kg)>叶(13.69 g/kg)>茎(5.31 g/kg)、穗(28.06 g/kg)>叶(14.61 g/kg)>茎(8.46 g/kg)。在湿地的各个沿程区域,总氮、氨氮累加去除率变化趋势一致,并且从反应器前部到尾部呈上升趋势,从上部到下部呈下降趋势。有芦苇湿地的脱氮效用优于无植物湿地,且底部氮积累含量也较少。一年四季中有芦苇湿地在各个季节脱氮量是无植物湿地的1.06~1.47倍。     

餐厨垃圾高温中试两相厌氧发酵的稳定性

为了考察在高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的稳定性,采用餐厨垃圾为发酵原料,以某污水处理厂脱水污泥为接种污泥,在中试规模条件下,采用产酸相中温（35℃,0.33 m3）产甲烷相高温（55℃,1.6 m3）进行连续式发酵。结果表明,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的产酸相有机负荷可达29.27 kg VS·（m3·d）-1,产甲烷相有机负荷为6.04 kg VS·（m3·d）-1,容积产气率平均为5.61 m3·（m3·d）-1,原料产气率平均达0.913 m3·（kg VS·d）-1,甲烷浓度平均为73.07%,总菌数为2.41×109个·mL-1,产甲烷菌最高为7.08×108个·mL-1,产甲烷菌数占总菌数的29.4%。两相厌氧发酵工艺可实现餐厨垃圾高负荷条件下的稳定运行。     

整县推进畜禽粪污资源化利用项目温室气体减排量评估方法

为探究整县推进畜禽粪污资源化利用项目实施前后粪污处置环节温室气体排放量变化,参考IPCC气候指南对X市新建粪污处置工程各环节进行核算评估。结果表明：净碳排放量方面,按实施方案推进后的净碳排放量为479.31 t（以二氧化碳当量计,下同）,相较于项目实施前减少了21 172.81 t;单位牲畜粪污处置碳排放量方面,项目实施后单位牲畜粪污处置碳排放降低513.48 kg,降低了97.79%;不同处理工艺单位牲畜粪污处理碳排放方面,好氧堆肥相较于粪便露天堆放降低了50%,密闭式厌氧发酵相较于厌氧氧化塘碳排放降低了83.04%。基于以上评估结果,建议应用固体粪便覆膜好氧堆肥、液体粪污密闭贮存发酵和粪肥全量还田模式,推进县域粪污处置温室气体排放进一步降低。

     

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of O3 with three unsaturated alcohols

Rate constants for the reactions of ozone with 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol and 1-nonen-4-ol have been determined at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure for the first time. The experiments were performed in a 100-L FEP Teflon film bag using absolute rate method; the rate constants were(1.91 ± 0.19) × 10~(-17),(1.89 ± 0.20) × 10~(-17), and(0.83 ± 0.08) × 10~(-17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) for 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol, and 1-nonen-4-ol, respectively. The rate constants have been compared with those of unsaturated alcohols structural homologs, and used to estimate the reaction reactivity. The electronegativity of carbon–carbon double bond was calculated by atomic charges analysis. The calculated results show that the electronic effect of the lone pair electrons of hydroxyl oxygen is the main cause of the difference in rate coefficient. According to the obtained rate constants, the atmospheric lifetimes of studied unsaturated alcohols were also estimated, which indicates that the reaction with ozone is an important loss pathway in the atmosphere, especially in polluted areas.     

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds(WSOCs) and their effects on ammonium sulfate(AS) and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer(HTDMA) in the relative humidity(RH) range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model(E-AIM) and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson(ZSR) method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture(75%), the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.