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1.
Hydrological Connectivity Between Headwater Streams and Downstream Waters: How Science Can Inform Policy1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tracie‐Lynn Nadeau Mark Cable Rains 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(1):118-133
Abstract: In January 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers exceeded its statutory authority by asserting Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction over non‐navigable, isolated, intrastate waters based solely on their use by migratory birds. The Supreme Court’s majority opinion addressed broader issues of CWA jurisdiction by implying that the CWA intended some “connection” to navigability and that isolated waters need a “significant nexus” to navigable waters to be jurisdictional. Subsequent to this decision (SWANCC), there have been many lawsuits challenging CWA jurisdiction, many of which are focused on headwater, intermittent, and ephemeral streams. To inform the legal and policy debate surrounding this issue, we present information on the geographic distribution of headwater streams and intermittent and ephemeral streams throughout the U.S., summarize major findings from the scientific literature in considering hydrological connectivity between headwater streams and downstream waters, and relate the scientific information presented to policy issues surrounding the scope of waters protected under the CWA. Headwater streams comprise approximately 53% (2,900,000 km) of the total stream length in the U.S., excluding Alaska, and intermittent and ephemeral streams comprise approximately 59% (3,200,000 km) of the total stream length and approximately 50% (1,460,000 km) of the headwater stream length in the U.S., excluding Alaska. Hillslopes, headwater streams, and downstream waters are best described as individual elements of integrated hydrological systems. Hydrological connectivity allows for the exchange of mass, momentum, energy, and organisms longitudinally, laterally, vertically, and temporally between headwater streams and downstream waters. Via hydrological connectivity, headwater, intermittent and ephemeral streams cumulatively contribute to the functional integrity of downstream waters; hydrologically and ecologically, they are a part of the tributary system. As this debate continues, scientific input from multiple fields will be important for policymaking at the federal, state, and local levels and to inform water resource management regardless of the level at which those decisions are being made. Strengthening the interface between science, policy, and public participation is critical if we are going to achieve effective water resource management. 相似文献
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不同来源腐殖酸的光解及过氧化氢对其影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
为探讨腐殖酸在环境中的行为及光解除去腐殖酸的可能性,利用大于290nm的模拟日光辐照,探讨了大骨节病病区、非病区腐殖酸和泥炭腐殖酸的光解过程和光解机理及过氧化氢对其光解的影响,发现随着光照时间的延长,腐殖酸水体系的总有机碳(TOC)含量降低,pH值下降,过氧化氢可以促进腐殖酸的光解,其光解过程遵循一级动力学规律。计算了不同来源腐殖酸光解的速率及光解半衰期,发现土壤和泥炭腐殖酸比大骨节病病区饮水中腐 相似文献
3.
F. A. Hockley C. A. M. E. Wilson N. Graham J. Cable 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(9):1513-1520
Group living in fish can provide benefits of protection from predators and some parasites, more efficient foraging for food, increased mating opportunities and enhanced energetic benefit when swimming. For riverine species, shoaling behaviour can be influenced by various environmental stressors, yet little is known how flow rate might influence the shoaling of diseased fish shoals. In view of the increasingly unpredictable flow rates in streams and rivers, this study aimed to assess the combined effect of flow condition and parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of a model fish species. Shoal size, shoal cohesion and time spent shoaling of female guppies Poecilia reticulata were compared when infected with the directly transmitted ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli under flow and static conditions. Flow condition was an important factor in influencing shoaling behaviour of guppies with the fish forming larger shoals in the absence of flow. When a shoal member was infected with G. turnbulli, shoal cohesion was reduced, but the magnitude of this effect was dependent on flow condition. In both flow and static conditions, bigger fish formed larger shoals than smaller counterparts. Future changes to stream hydrology with more frequent flooding and drought events will affect the shoaling tendency of fish. During high-flow events, diseased fish may not be able to keep up with shoal mates and therefore have a higher risk of predation. Additionally, these findings may be important for aquaria and farmed species where an increase in flow rate may reduce aggregation in fish. 相似文献
4.
Lisa Smeester Elizabeth M. Martin Pete Cable Wanda Bodnar Kim Boggess Neeta L. Vora Rebecca C. Fry 《黑龙江环境通报》2017,37(13):1364-1366
Both exposures to toxic metals, as well as deficiencies in essential metals, during pregnancy has been linked to a variety of negative reproductive outcomes. The exact etiologies of such outcomes and the effects of fetal exposure to these metals are largely unknown. Therefore, the ability to assess levels of these elements is critical to determining the underlying causes of such conditions and the effects that both essential and nonessential metals have on fetal development. Thus, using cell-free fetal RNA from amniotic fluid, we set out to measure the association between amniotic fluid levels of toxic and essential metals and fetal gene expression. We find that arsenic was associated with increased expression of 3 genes known to play roles in both birth-related and reproductive effects. The results highlight the potential for detrimental health effects of prenatal metals exposure and the potential to identify biomarkers of environmental exposure during this critical developmental period. 相似文献
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Simplified models provided information on the binding ability of organic acids with trace elements, the distribution of the formed organo‐heavy metal complexes at different pH, and the biological stability (biodegradation ability) of these complexes. 相似文献
8.
P.P. Povinec H. Bokuniewicz W.C. Burnett J. Cable M. Charette J.-F. Comanducci E.A. Kontar W.S. Moore J.A. Oberdorfer J. de Oliveira R. Peterson T. Stieglitz M. Taniguchi 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1596
Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive (3H, 222Rn, 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra) and stable (D and 18O) isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time series 222Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0 cm d−1 to 360 cm d−1; the unit represents cm3/cm2/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0 cm d−1 to 110 cm d−1), strongly depending on the tidal fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous 222Rn measurements is 17 ± 10 cm d−1. Integrated coastal SGD flux estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7 × 103 m3 d−1 per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time series measurements of 222Rn activity concentration showed a negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1–2 weeks for water within 25 km offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region. 相似文献
9.
Although job seekers' reputation perceptions may be based on different factors than other constituents (e.g., investors, consumers), we know little about the antecedents of job seekers' reputation perceptions. The present study utilizes verbal protocol analysis to explore the factors that job seekers consider when evaluating employers' reputations. Results from this qualitative investigation are complemented and cross‐validated with an experimental policy capturing study and a field study of recruiting organizations. Data from all three methodologies suggest that some factors affecting job seekers' reputation perceptions are quite different from factors that have been revealed in previous reputation research, which has focused primarily on executives. For example, results from the present study reveal that the type of industry in which a firm operates, the opportunities that a firm provides for employee development, and organizational culture affect job seekers' reputation perceptions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Darren P. Croft Mathew Edenbrow Safi K. Darden Indar W. Ramnarine Cock van Oosterhout Joanne Cable 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(12):2219-2227
Understanding how individuals modify their social interactions in response to infectious disease is of central importance
for our comprehension of how disease dynamics operate in real-world populations. Whilst a significant amount of theoretical
work has modelled disease transmission using network models, we have comparatively little understanding of how infectious
disease impacts on the social behaviour of individuals and how these effects scale up to the level of the population. We experimentally
manipulated the parasite load of female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and introduced fish either infected with the ectoparasites Gyrodactylus spp. (experimental) or uninfected (control) into replicated semi-natural populations of eight size-matched female guppies.
We quantified the behaviour and social associations of both the introduced fish and the population fish. We found that infected
experimental fish spent less time associating with the population fish than the uninfected control fish. Using information
on which fish initiated shoal fission (splitting) events, our results demonstrate that the population fish actively avoided
infected experimental fish. We also found that the presence of an infected individual resulted in a continued decline in social
network clustering up to at least 24 h after the introduction of the infected fish, whereas in the control treatment, the
clustering coefficient showed an increase at this time point. These results demonstrate that the presence of a disease has
implications for both the social associations of infected individuals and for the social network structure of the population,
which we predict will have consequences for infectious disease transmission. 相似文献