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排序方式: 共有226条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Mikael Skou Andersen 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(1):133-140
This paper provides an introduction to some of the fundamental principles and approaches in environmental economics which
are of significance to achieving an integrated sustainability science. The concept of a circular economy, introduced by the
late David Pearce in 1990, addresses the interlinkages of the four economic functions of the environment. The environment
not only provides amenity values, in addition to being a resource base and a sink for economic activities, it is also a fundamental
life-support system. Environmental economists have suggested that, taking these four functions as an analytical starting point,
unpriced or underpriced services should be internalised in the economy. In Europe significant advances have been achieved
in the pricing of externalities by means of truly interdisciplinary analysis which accounts in detail for the environmental
consequences. The monetary estimates reached as a result of such interdisciplinary research are gradually being applied to
the economic analysis of environmental policy priorities. Although such figures provide only a partial and incomplete picture
of the environmental costs at stake, they support and inform the analysis of the virtues of a circular economy for individual
resources as well as for sustainability as a future trajectory. 相似文献
2.
Mikael Karlsson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(1):51-62
In spite of stricter provisions inthe new EU directive on deliberate release ofgenetically modified organisms (GMOs), criticsstill advocate a moratorium on permits forcultivation of GMOs. However, in an attempt tomeet concerns raised by the public, thedirective explicitly gives Member States thepossibility to take into consideration ethicalaspects of GMOs in the decision-making. Thisarticle investigates the potential effects ofsuch formulation by means of an empiricalanalysis of experiences gained the last yearsfrom similar Swedish regulations for GMOs,aiming at promoting sustainable development.The faulty implementation shown in the Swedishcase indicates that legal stipulations forethics as such have limited importance. It issuggested that public participation is animportant factor for successful implementationof the ethics of sustainable development. 相似文献
3.
We demonstrate an approach for evaluating the level of protection attained using a variety of forms and levels of past, current,
and proposed Air Quality Standards (AQSs). The U.S. Clean Air Act requires the establishment of ambient air quality standards
to protect health and public welfare. However, determination of attainment of these standards is based on ambient pollutant
concentrations rather than prevention of adverse effects. To determine if a given AQS protected against adverse effects on
vegetation, hourly ozone concentrations were adjusted to create exposure levels that “just attain” a given standard. These
exposures were used in combination with a physiologically-based tree growth model to account for the interactions of climate
and ozone. In the evaluation, we used ozone concentrations from two 6-year time periods from the San Bernardino Mountains
in California. There were clear differences in the level of vegetation protection achieved with the various AQSs. Based on
modeled plant growth, the most effective standards were the California 8-hr average maximum of 70 ppb and a seasonal, cumulative,
concentration-weighted index (SUM06), which if attained, resulted in annual growth reductions of 1% or less. Least effective
was the 1-hr maximum of 120 ppb which resulted in a 7% annual reduction. We conclude that combining climate, exposure scenarios,
and a process-based plant growth simulator was a useful approach for evaluating effectiveness of current or proposed air quality
standards, or evaluating the form and/or level of a standard based on preventing adverse growth effects. 相似文献
4.
Mikael Hildén 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(16):1798-1811
All member states of the EU have had to develop climate strategies following the commitment to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. The evolution of the strategies provides insights into the learning that takes place at the level of policy development and offers material for analysing how ex ante and ex post evaluations have contributed to this learning. In the analysis, Finland is used as a case demonstrating different levels and types of learning, from deeper reframing to political learning. The results show that the full potential of the evaluations has not been utilised, partly because they have been constrained by their mandate. Greater openness and transparency in the policy processes would create favourable conditions for independent evaluations that could provide additional input to the policy processes. This would support social and reflexive learning and allow for greater adaptability. 相似文献
5.
Michele Citterio Mikael K. Sejr Peter L. Langen Ruth H. Mottram Jakob Abermann Signe Hillerup Larsen Kirstine Skov Magnus Lund 《Ambio》2017,46(1):146-159
Terrestrial freshwater runoff strongly influences physical and biogeochemical processes at the fjord scale and can have global impacts when considered at the Greenland scale. We investigate the performance of the HIRHAM5 regional climate model over the catchments delivering freshwater to Tyrolerfjord and Young Sound by comparing to the unique Greenland Ecological Monitoring database of in situ observations from this region. Based on these findings, we estimate and discuss the fraction of runoff originating from glacierized and non-glacierized land delivered at the daily scale between 1996 and 2008. We find that glaciers contributed on average 50–80% of annual terrestrial runoff when considering different sections of Tyrolerfjord–Young Sound, but snowpack depletion on land and consequently runoff happens about one month earlier in the model than observed in the field. The temporal shift in the model is a likely explanation why summer surface salinity in the inner fjord did not correlate to modelled runoff. 相似文献
6.
Environmental assessment of garden waste management in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An environmental assessment of six scenarios for handling of garden waste in the Municipality of Aarhus (Denmark) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the LCA-model EASEWASTE. In the first (baseline) scenario, the current garden waste management system based on windrow composting was assessed, while in the other five scenarios alternative solutions including incineration and home composting of fractions of the garden waste were evaluated. The environmental profile (normalised to Person Equivalent, PE) of the current garden waste management in Aarhus is in the order of −6 to 8 mPE Mg−1 ww for the non-toxic categories and up to 100 mPE Mg−1 ww for the toxic categories. The potential impacts on non-toxic categories are much smaller than what is found for other fractions of municipal solid waste. Incineration (up to 35% of the garden waste) and home composting (up to 18% of the garden waste) seem from an environmental point of view suitable for diverting waste away from the composting facility in order to increase its capacity. In particular the incineration of woody parts of the garden waste improved the environmental profile of the garden waste management significantly. 相似文献
7.
8.
Samuli Korpinen Leena Laamanen Lena Bergstrm Marco Nurmi Jesper H. Andersen Juuso Haapaniemi E. Therese Harvey Ciaran J. Murray Monika Peterlin Emilie Kallenbach Katja Klan
nik Ulf Stein Leonardo Tunesi David Vaughan Johnny Reker 《Ambio》2021,50(7):1325
Marine ecosystems are under high demand for human use, giving concerns about how pressures from human activities may affect their structure, function, and status. In Europe, recent developments in mapping of marine habitats and human activities now enable a coherent spatial evaluation of potential combined effects of human activities. Results indicate that combined effects from multiple human pressures are spread to 96% of the European marine area, and more specifically that combined effects from physical disturbance are spread to 86% of the coastal area and 46% of the shelf area. We compare our approach with corresponding assessments at other spatial scales and validate our results with European-scale status assessments for coastal waters. Uncertainties and development points are identified. Still, the results suggest that Europe’s seas are widely disturbed, indicating potential discrepancy between ambitions for Blue Growth and the objective of achieving good environmental status within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.Supplementary informationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01482-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
9.
The formation was investigated for different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination of filter particles from swimming pools at different pH-values and the toxicity was estimated. Specifically, the formation of the DBP group trihalomethanes (THMs), which is regulated in many countries, and the non-regulated haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were investigated at 6.0≤pH≤8.0, under controlled chlorination conditions. The investigated particles were collected from a hot tub with a drum micro filter. In two series of experiments with either constant initial active or initial free chlorine concentrations the particles were chlorinated at different pH-values in the relevant range for swimming pools. THM and HAA formations were reduced by decreasing pH while HAN formation increased with decreasing pH. Based on the organic content the relative DBP formation from the particles was higher than previously reported for body fluid analogue and filling water. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity estimated from formation of DBPs from the treated particle suspension increased with decreasing pH. Among the quantified DBP groups the HANs were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs. 相似文献
10.
Nicholas Molyneux Gil Rangel da Cruz Robert L. Williams Rebecca Andersen Neil C. Turner 《Ambio》2012,41(8):823-840
The climate in Timor Leste (East Timor) is predicted to become about 1.5 °C warmer and about 10 % wetter on average by 2050. By the same year, the population is expected to triple from 1 to 2.5–3 million. This article maps the predicted changes in temperature and rainfall and reviews the implications of climate change and population growth on agricultural systems. Improved cultivars of maize, rice, cassava, sweet potato and peanuts with high yield performance have been introduced, but these will need to be augmented in the future with better adapted cultivars and new crops, such as food and fodder legumes and new management practices. The requirements for fertilizers to boost yields and terracing and/or contour hedgerows to prevent soil erosion of steeply sloping terrain are discussed. Contour hedges can also be used for fodder for improved animal production to provide protein to reduce malnutrition. 相似文献