不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素分布与风险评估研究进展

金属元素(MEs)是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分。综述了不同粒径大气颗粒物中MEs的分布、生态风险和人体健康风险评估的研究现状。在颗粒物中MEs主要呈现3种粒径分布：细模态单峰型、粗模态单峰型和双峰型,对应于不同的污染源。富集因子法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法是MEs生态风险评价最常用的3种方法,大部分MEs在细模态的富集程度远高于粗模态,我国城市大气颗粒物均呈现非常高的综合潜在生态风险(风险指数>1 000)。Cd、Pb、As是目前主要的污染元素,应重点关注。不同粒径段的颗粒物会沉积在呼吸系统不同部位。健康风险评估结果显示,我国大部分城市地区均存在重金属元素对人体的致癌风险和非致癌风险,会对人体产生致癌风险的MEs有Cr、As和Cd,Mn可能引起非致癌风险。因此,将不同粒径段颗粒物中MEs的分布特征和风险评估结合起来是未来该领域的重点研究方向。

     

Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik

Different sources of pollution in Karasu Creek were investigated to obtain the water quality and ratio of contamination in this region. To achieve the main objectives of the present study, water samples were collected from Karasu Creek, starting from flow pattern at the upstream site of Akkaya Dam to the end of the dam, crossing the place where the Creek drains into. Dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, temperature and maximum/minimum pH were measured systematically for 12 months in the stations, where the water samples were collected. Chemical analyses of the water samples were carried out by using Cadas 50 S brand UV spectrometer to find out the Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, S, F and Cn concentrations. These concentration were determined in μg/lt as 80–850; 180–4,920; 10–6,100; 440–25,530; 130–2,400; 120–280; 20–150; 214,250–1,113,580; 1,560–4,270 and 40–690, respectively. To determine metal levels of the water samples, multivariate analyses (element coefficient correlation, coefficient correlation dendrogram, hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram, model summary and ANOVA) were used. The analyses yielded highly accurate results. There were positive correlations between some elements and their possible sources were the same. The stations which resembled each other along the creek were divided into three groups. The water quality of the creek was low and had toxic qualities. Eutrophication developed in Akkaya Dam along the creek. The source of pollution was thought to be industrial and residential wastes. Absolute (0–100 m), short distance (100–500 m) and medium distance (500–2,000 m) conservation areas should be determined in pollution areas along Karasu Creek and they should be improved.     

Monitoring The Turbidity and Surface Temperature Changes and Effects of the 17 August 1999 Earthquake in the İzmİt Gulf,Turkey by the Landsat TM/ETM Data

The temporal turbidity and surface temperature changes and effects of the 17 August 1999 earthquake in the İzmit Gulf, Turkey have been investigated using Landsat TM/ETM data. The gulf is in the Mediterranean–Black Sea transition climatic zone and is partially surrounded by green vegetation cover and degraded and densely urbanized-industrialized areas. Landsat TM/ETM data acquired in 1990–1999 confirms increase in turbidity. Turbidity is always low in the southern part and high in the northern part of the gulf, because the more urbanized and industrialized areas are located in the northern part. The Landsat-7 ETM data acquired in the same year (1999) shows seasonal changes in turbidity. Moreover, the two high turbidity and surface temperature anomalies, one of which is parallel to the 17 August 1999 earthquake surface rupture (east–west) and the other which is in the northwest–southeast direction were mapped from Landsat-5 TM data acquired the day (18.08.1999) following the earthquake in the east end of the gulf. On the basis of turbidity implying the sea bottom movement, it is possible to state that a second rupture in the northwest and southeast direction could have occurred at the sea bottom during the earthquake. The distribution of the seismicity centers and the orientation of the lineaments in the area support this finding.     

A decision support system for assessing landfill performance

Designing environmentally sound landfills is a challenging engineering task due to complex interactions of numerous design variables; such as landfill size, waste characteristics, and site hydrogeology. Decision support systems (DSS) can be utilized to handle these complex interactions and to aid in a performance-based landfill design by coupling system simulation models (SSM). The aim of this paper is to present a decision support system developed for a performance-based landfill design. The developed DSS is called Landfill Design Decision Support System – LFDSS. A two-step DSS framework, composed of preliminary design and detailed design phases, is set to effectively couple and run the SSMs and calculation modules. In preliminary design phase, preliminary design alternatives are proposed using general site data. In detailed design phase, proposed design alternatives are further simulated under site-specific data using SSMs for performance evaluation. LFDSS calculates the required landfill volume, performs landfill base contour design, proposes preliminary design alternatives based on general site conditions, evaluates the performance of the proposed designs, calculates the factor of safety values for slope stability analyses, and performs major cost calculations. The DSS evaluates the results of all landfill design alternatives, and determines whether the design satisfies the predefined performance criteria. The DSS ultimately enables comparisons among different landfill designs based on their performances (i.e. leachate head stability, and groundwater contamination), constructional stability and costs. The developed DSS was applied to a real site, and the results demonstrated the strengths of the developed system on designing environmentally sound and feasible landfills.     

海南岛三大流域“十三五”水质变化特征及“十四五”趋势预测

为服务海南自由贸易港水生态环境保护,基于海南省地表水环境质量监测网监测数据,对海南岛南渡江、昌化江、万泉河三大流域“十三五”期间水质状况、主要污染物浓度、综合污染指数变化进行了分析,采用Spearman秩相关系数研判其污染变化特征,并采用均值GM(1,1)模型（EGM）预测“十四五”期间水质变化趋势。结果表明：“十三五”期间,海南岛三大流域水质状况总体呈稳中向好趋势,南渡江、万泉河流域水质优良比例分别上升至96.3%、100%,昌化江流域水质优良比例保持在100%;三大流域COD_Mn、COD_Cr、氨氮、总磷浓度年均值均处于较低水平,低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类标准限值,其中COD_Cr年均值均低于Ⅰ类标准限值,“十三五”期间除氨氮浓度下降外,其他指标均有不同程度的上升或波动,上升幅度为6.7%~23.8%;干流综合污染指数均小幅下降,下降幅度为0.03~0.04,主要支流综合污染指数自上游到下游呈波动上升的空间变化特征。EGM预测结果表明,“十四五”期间海南岛三大流域干流和绝大部分支流水质综合污染指数呈上升趋势,最大上升幅度达108.3%,三大流域水环境仍面临较大的压力,尤其是支流汇入带来的污染负荷不容忽视。“十四五”期间,应以系统保护思路,落实“六水共治”“一河一策”等措施,进一步改善三大流域水质。

     

芬顿调理对含铅工业污泥电渗透脱水减量效果的影响

针对铅酸电池厂含铅工业污泥难以脱水减量的问题,利用污泥中存在的Fe²⁺进行芬顿调理预处理,探究H₂O₂添加量对后续污泥电渗透脱水减量化效果的影响。结果表明：芬顿调理预处理会打破污泥中部分絮体,使污泥黏度由18.0 mPa·s降至4.7 mPa·s,污泥中部分无机离子在脱水过程中从污泥固相体系进入滤液中,造成后续电渗透脱水剩余泥饼的含水率由82.72%降至69.34%,挥发性悬浮物含量增加约30%。相对于原始污泥直接进行脱水,采用优化的H₂O₂添加量调理污泥可促进后续的污泥电渗透脱水减量66.20%,同时污泥干基中铅含量由265.2 g/kg提高到453.6 g/kg,这有利于污泥的后续资源化利用或无害化填埋处理。

     

含氮VOCs催化氧化处理侧线试验研究

对某分子筛生产企业焙烧炉排放的废气开展催化氧化侧线试验研究,考察了在不同反应温度和催化剂床层空速条件下,催化氧化对烃类、含氮VOCs以及CO的去除效果,并重点考察了不同试验条件下NO_x的产生量。结果表明:在催化剂的作用下,催化氧化技术能在275~325 ℃的较低温度下有效去除废气中的非甲烷总烃、CO和含氮VOCs等有害组分,污染物去除率达95%以上,且NO_x可达标排放。     

Experimental investigation of cross-shore sandbar volumes

Sandbars are critical to the cross-shore movement of sediment. Prediction of cross-shore sandbar volumes requires knowledge about the functional relationship of sediment transport rate conditions with waves, currents, base slope, sediment property and water depth. In this study, experiments on cross- shore sediment transport were carried out in a laboratory wave channel for initial base slopes of 1/8, 1/10 and 1/15. Using regular waves with different deep-water wave steepness generated by a pedal-type wave generator, bar volumes caused by cross-shore sediment transport are investigated for beach materials with the medium diameter of d₅₀?=?0.25, 0.32, 0.45, 0.62 and 0.80 mm. A non-dimensional equation for sandbar volume was obtained by using linear and non-linear regression methods through the experimental data and was compared with previously developed equations in the literature. The results have shown that the experimental data fitted well to the proposed equation with respect to the previously developed equations.     

Mercury distribution in the sediments of Ambarlı Port Area,Sea of Marmara (Turkey)

The purpose of this study is to investigate historical and current mercury (Hg) contamination in the surface and core sediments of the Ambarl? Port area. Textural parameters, total organic carbon (TOC), ²¹⁰Pb and total Hg (THg) contents were measured. Mercury contamination of the sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment factor (EF), anthropogenic factor (AF), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and corresponding sediment quality guidelines. Most surface sediment samples were also non-toxic with mercury concentrations below the effects range-low (ERL) value, but mercury levels at five stations were between ERL and effects range-median (ERM) values, where occasional adverse effects concerning risk analysis are expected. The EF and Igeo analysis showed that there was no significant mercury enrichment and contamination in the core sediment before the 1650s, but values increased from then onwards to 2009 (being especially accelerated in line with port activities from 1989), disclosing a serious ecotoxicological risk to sediment-inhabited marine organisms.