Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated health risk

This study is concerned with the elemental composition of soils and street dust collected in an historical industrial city of approximately 27 000 inhabitants, where old Hg mining and metallurgical activities strongly affected the load of heavy metals in the urban environment. For the purpose of the study, representative samples of soils and street dust were collected at different locations in the whole urban area (3 km²). Elevated mean concentrations of As in soils and street dust (69 and 135 g g^–1, respectively), and Hg (3.07 and 4.24 g g^–1, respectively), compared to background levels and to those found in other cities, reflect the anomalous geochemical nature of these materials and the strong influence exerted by the old mining sites.     

阿根廷中部拉斯查克拉斯岩基中罗德奥-德洛斯莫耶斯稀土元素和钍矿床的流体包裹体研究

罗德奥-德洛斯莫耶斯稀土元素(REE)和钍矿床位于阿根廷中部东潘帕所草原山脉(Sierras Pampeanas)南段拉斯查克拉斯-波德拉斯科罗拉达斯岩基的花岗质岩石中。矿化产于沿复式岩基东北边缘展布的长条形碱长花岗岩(白岗岩)岩体(2km×0.6km)中。白岗岩周围的岩石主要是羔云二长花岗岩。白岗岩及其内分布有限的石英碱长正长岩都是由二长花岗岩的晚期结晶相通过热液蚀变而形成的。REE矿物主要是铈族矿物,包括铈硅磷灰石和褐帘石,这两种矿物在局部都被氟碳铈矿或水氟碳钙钍矿交代。这些矿物与石英、萤石、霓辉石、榍石和Fe-Ti氧化物一起呈团块状产于细晶质-似伟晶质石英碱长正长岩中。铀钍石与第二世代萤石和少量Mn-Ba氧化物一起(但没有见到铈矿化),呈团块状产于白岗岩中,或者产于石英充填的晶洞中。 石英和萤石中的流体包裹体研究表明,开放系统流体的运移和流体与容矿岩石二长花岗岩的相互作用具有复杂的历史。使REE矿化、石英沉淀、二长花岗岩蚀变为白岗岩和石英碱长正长岩的流体具有较高的温度(石英中流体包裹体的均一温度为356—535℃),中等的盐度(15-25 eq.wt％NaCl)。萤石中原生包裹体和次生包裹体中存在的CO_2-H_2O混合流体(X_(co)。=0.13—0.07),是引起氟碳铈矿交代铈硅磷石灰-褐帘石,方解石交代榍石、?     

人为导致的全球变化(IUGS过去全球变化专题讨论会第三工作组的报告)

该工作组的研究内容是:1)定量地证明人为变化对全球环境影响的记录,特别是关于矿物、燃料、土壤和生物量等自然资源的利用、损耗和开发等记录;2)评价人为变化对地球化学循环的影响,特别是对生物限制元素和有毒元素地球化学循环的影响以及对环境退化的影响。 集中讨论了以下两个问题:人类活动对地球表面环境的破坏,包括资源消耗速率和土地利用等问题;人类活动对地球化学循环的干扰,包括:工业、城市化和农业的发展;环境和生物的反应;排放、物质来源、搬运速率和沉降对自然循环的影响。     

马尼托巴省弗林弗伦—斯诺湖绿岩带中三个块状硫化物矿床附近变质作用的温度-压力条件

马尼托巴省弗林弗伦—斯诺湖绿岩带的三个块状硫化物矿床附近的变质作用,其压力和温度的估计值,已用镁铁质和长英质变质火山岩的矿物共生组合获得。在该带西部,森特尼尔矿床周围的弗林弗伦地区受到了低级绿片岩相变质作用。在该带中部的斯普鲁斯矿床附近,估计变质条件为上绿片岩相,变质的温度和压力分别为475±75℃和2.6±1.2kbar。在安德森湖矿床附近,斯诺湖以西地区,变质作用达到了夕线石级。在十字石-夕线石带,变质的温、压条件为580±25℃和5.25±0.75kbar;在黑云母-夕线石-铁铝榴石带,在最高压力为6.2kbar情况下,温度为620±25℃。斯诺湖地区的温度和压力的估计值表明,低压下的十字石和石英的稳定上限的实验研究所指示的温度,都比野外矿物共生组合所指示的温度高很多。     

地质物料与无机材料分析(述评,上)

本文为美国分析化学杂志(Anal.Chem.)每两年一次的文献述评。文中分直流发射光谱、原子吸收光谱、等离子光谱、分光光度法、电分析法、色谱法、分解技术、核活化法、X射线荧光光谱、微束分析技术、其他方法、地球化学标准参考物质等十二个专题,各专题均概括介绍了1984—1986年期间各自领域内的重要文献,共引用方献402篇。     

安大略湖沉积中汞的分布

自日本水俣湾发生汞中毒惨剧后,人们注意了环境中汞的研究。主要研究汞在湖泊环境中的循回及其对人的最大潜在中毒作用,人们早已知道,天然汞(除气态外)被风化后很快为自然水体中沉积物所吸收。最近发现在沉积物中惰性汞经过微生物活动可能变为可溶的甲汞(Methylmcrcury)化合物,然后被运移到食物链中。这一事实使许多研究者注意可能作为环境污染源的沉积物中汞含量的研究。     

Acoustic mirror effect increases prey detection distance in trawling bats

Many different and phylogenetically distant species of bats forage for insects above water bodies and take insects from and close to the surface; the so-called trawling behaviour. Detection of surface-based prey by echolocation is facilitated by acoustically smooth backgrounds such as water surfaces that reflect sound impinging at an acute angle away from the bat and thereby render a prey object acoustically conspicuous. Previous measurements had shown that the echo amplitude of a target on a smooth surface is higher than that of the same target in mid-air, due to an acoustic mirror effect. In behavioural experiments with three pond bats (Myotis dasycneme), we tested the hypothesis that the maximum distances at which bats can detect prey are larger for prey on smooth surfaces than for the same prey in an airborne situation. We determined the moment of prey detection from a change in echolocation behaviour and measured the detection distance in 3D space from IR-video recordings using stereo-photogrammetry. The bats showed the predicted increase in detection distance for prey on smooth surfaces. The acoustic mirror effect therefore increases search efficiency and contributes to the acoustic advantages encountered by echolocating bats when foraging at low heights above smooth water surfaces. These acoustic advantages may have favoured the repeated evolution of trawling behaviour.     

Knowing your enemies: seasonal dynamics of host–social parasite recognition

Despite its evolutionary significance, behavioural flexibility of social response has rarely been investigated in insects. We studied a host–social parasite system: the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens and its host Formica rufibarbis. Free-living host workers from parasitized and from unparasitized areas were compared in their level of aggression against the parasite and alien conspecifics. We expected that a seasonal change would occur in the acceptance threshold of F. rufibarbis workers from a parasitized area towards the parasite, whereas F. rufibarbis workers from an unparasitized area would not show substantial changes connected with the parasites peak in activity (raiding and colony-founding season). The results showed a significant adaptive behavioural flexibility of host species workers and are consistent with the acceptance threshold models (Reeve 1989) prediction that recognition systems are not fixed but context-dependent. In particular, host workers from the unparasitized area were highly aggressive towards the parasite regardless of the season, whereas host workers from the parasitized area significantly increased their aggression towards the parasite during its raiding and colony-founding season. Being able to detect and possibly kill a Polyergus scout searching for host nests can be an effective strategy for a Formica colony to avoid being raided or usurped by a parasite queen.     

地质物料与无机材料分析(述评,下)

<正> 核活化方法 在这部分,我们评述核活化分析方法。一般来说,本评论只涉及基于核反应的元素分析方法,包括中子、带电粒子或高能光子辐照所诱发的活化反应。尽管本文的主题是地质和无机物质分析,但不妨也涉及一些有代表性的著作,它们论述具有通用性的方法,或方法上的进展,从而对其普遍应用产生影响。为较全面地了解有关这方面的内容,我们向读者推荐一本新书——《核分析化学》,以及美国《分析化学》杂志上最近一期基础评论专辑中,由Ehmann和Yates所撰写的关于核子和放射化学方     

铂的成因:新的矿物学证据

本文的目的是研究一些铂矿床的近代资料中有成因意义的问题,并把它与我们获得的显微镜和电子探针的结果联系起来讨论。 岩浆组合 南非(阿扎尼亚)有关布什维尔德杂岩 该岩体麦伦斯基-里夫矿层和德赖科普岩筒的资料列于表1。其中特别重要的是以下四个方面: