德国环境产业结构和发展

本文综述北莱茵威斯特法伦州经济研究所（ＲＷＩ）和哈勒经济研究所（ＩＷＨ）业已完成的一项研究的主要成果,该项研究由ＲＷＩ研究所和ＩＷＨ研究所受德国经济事务部委托完成。它试图通过分析１９９１年德国对环保产品的需求,１９９３年德国环境产业的就业、生产、营业...     

地下水铀污染的原位微生物还原与固定:在美国能源部田纳西橡树岭放射物污染现场的试验

总结了美国斯坦福大学和橡树岭国家实验室等在美国能源部田纳西州橡树岭综合试验基地进行的铀污染原位微生物修复阶段性试验结果.本试验利用微生物以乙醇为电子供体还原地下水和沉积物中的六价铀为不溶解的四价铀,使之原位固定化.随后通过加入溶解氧和硝酸盐来试验微生物还原后的地下水层中还原固定态铀的稳定性.通过预处理和长期间隔注入乙醇...     

美国危险废物处理处置技术与应用现状简介

从美国目前危险废物处理技术采用的主流技术的种类,系统总结了每项主流技术特点和优劣性,并对其设施的设计和市场化运营情况做了调查.依据调查结果和结论提出了我国危险废物处理和处置规划在技术引进中应汲取的经验和技术培育方案.     

Evaluation of Cu-PPHs as active catalysts for the SCR process to control NOx emissions from heavy duty diesel vehicles

Copper based catalysts supported on mesoporous materials, which were in turn based on a surfactant expanded zirconium phosphate for the formation of silica galleries in the interlayer space, were prepared by the impregnation method. They were then characterised and tested in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia as active catalysts for the control of the NOx emissions from heavy duty vehicles. Copper catalysts displayed a high catalytic performance, even in the presence of 14% (v/v) of H2O and 100 ppm of SO2. They also displayed improved catalytic behaviour when compared to a CuZSM5 catalyst.     

沙漠公路驾驶员心理、生理特性初探

针对沙漠公路交通安全现状,采用动体视力、速度估计、复杂(选择)反应、处置判断、血压脉搏检测仪等驾驶适宜性检测仪器,就长期从事沙漠公路运输活动的驾驶员群体进行了包括视觉、速度估计、反应、判断等在内的心理、生理特性的实地测试。检测结果初步表明,沙漠公路特殊的线形布设和修筑技术特征以及沿线的自然环境条件,使得驾驶员表现出有别于一般绿洲公路的驾驶心理和行为特性,其主要表现在在沙漠环境中,驾驶员的动体视力要较静体视力受到更大的影响;急躁心理影响,沙漠公路驾驶员的速度估计和复杂反应时间相应指标值均小于全国平均水平;沙漠公路驾驶员复杂反应错误次数和处置判断错误次数均高于绿洲公路。     

Predictions of in situ solid/liquid distribution of radiocaesium in soils

Previous work has demonstrated that plant uptake of radiocaesium (RCs) is related to the activity concentration of RCs in soil solution, which is linked to the soil/soil solution distribution coefficient, K(D). The solid-liquid distribution of RCs is generally studied in soil suspensions in the laboratory and there are few reported measurements for in situ soil solutions. From a data set of 53 different soils (contaminated with either 134CsCl or 137CsCl) used in pot trials to investigate grass uptake of RCs, we analysed the variation of in situ K(D) with measured soil properties. The soils differed widely in % clay (0.5-58%), organic matter content (1.9-96%) and pH (2.4-7.0, CaCl2). The K(D) varied between 29 and 375,000 L kg-' (median 1460 L kg(-1)). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the log K(D) and pH (p < 0.001), log %clay (p < 0.01) and log exchangeable K (p < 0.001) (overall R2 = 0.70). The in situ K(D) values were further compared to K(D)S predicted using an existing model, which assumes that RCs sorption occurs on specific sites and regular ion-exchange sites on the soil solid phase. Sorption of RCs on specific sites was quantified from the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) measured for each soil and the soil solution concentrations of K+ and NH4+. The in situ log K(D) correlated well with the predicted K(D) (R2 = 0.85 before plant growth, R2 = 0.83 after plant growth). However, the observations were fivefold to eightfold higher than the predictions, particularly for the mineral soils. We attribute the under-prediction to the long contact times (minimum 4 weeks) between the RCs tracers and our experimental soils relative to the short (24 h) contact times used in RIP measurements. We conclude that our data confirmed the model but that ageing of RCs in soil is a factor that needs to be considered to better predict in situ KD values.     

热浪业已掀起

天气专家们正在寻求导致全球变暖的“温室效应”起因及其影响。现在,已是认真讨论这种全球变暖将如何影响我们未来生活的时候了。 1987年,南极冰域一座两倍于罗德岛的巨大冰山崩裂溅入大海。 1988年8月,在非洲西海岸外海刚刚孕育形成的“吉尔伯特”号飓风,时速已超过200英里。它的高峰,是迄今西半球所遭遇最具破坏力的一次飓风。 1988年夏季,袭击美国许多城市的热浪打破了有史以来的高温纪录。该年8月1日,以“火炉”著称的弗尼斯克里克和加利福尼亚名符其实地创下了新的纪录,最高气温达46.7℃(或116°F)。     

安大略湖沉积中汞的分布

自日本水俣湾发生汞中毒惨剧后,人们注意了环境中汞的研究。主要研究汞在湖泊环境中的循回及其对人的最大潜在中毒作用,人们早已知道,天然汞(除气态外)被风化后很快为自然水体中沉积物所吸收。最近发现在沉积物中惰性汞经过微生物活动可能变为可溶的甲汞(Methylmcrcury)化合物,然后被运移到食物链中。这一事实使许多研究者注意可能作为环境污染源的沉积物中汞含量的研究。     

The effects of fenvalerate on different tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala

The histopathological changes of fenvalerate on the gill, kidney, liver and intestine tissues of the Cirrhinus mrigala were determined by light microscopy. The fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of fenvalerate (1.5-3.0 ppb). The most common gill changes at all concentrations of fenvalerate were epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, desquamation and lamellar fusion. Besides, epithelial lifting, oedema, swelling at the tips of secondary lamellae and curling of secondary lamellae were other histopathological changes. Necrosis of tubular epithelium, pycnotic nuclei in the hematopoietic tissue, hypertrophied epithelial cells of renal tubules, narrowing of the tubular lumen, expansion of space inside the Bowman's capsule and contraction of the glomerulus were observed in kidney tissues of fish. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish exposed to fenvalerate were characterized by congestion, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes and focal necrosis. Atrophy of epithelial cells, necrosis of epithelial cells, desquamation of mucosal epithelium and infiltration of lymphocytes into the lamina propria were detected in intestine tissues of fish after exposure to fenvalerate.