应急预案的制订原则与步骤

正工业卫生专家和环境卫生安全人员,一般会加入企业的应急管理委员会,在事故前和事故期间运用专业知识保护员工。为了履行这项职责,他们要对应急预案的制订有更深的理解,提高此方面的工作能力,更好地将EHS管理和事故应对结合起来。本文在参考美国联邦应急管理局(FEMA)的指南文件的基础上,主要阐述应急预案的制订原则与步骤。原则     

Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa

This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6 ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825 ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2 ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6 ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04 ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92 ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54 ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11 ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value < 0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.     

大转变第二部分:建立风电为核心的经济

在从化石燃料向可再生能源转变以及避免气候变化失控的竞赛中,风能已经大大领先于太阳能和地热能.世界各地太阳能电池板发电能力为70,000兆瓦,地热发电能力约11,000兆瓦.当前全球约有80个国家有风电场,总发电容量近24万兆瓦,中国和美国都处于领先地位. 在过去的十年中,世界风力发电能力每年增长近30％,其增长既是自身的特点所驱动,也是政策支持的扩张.风是丰富、无碳、永不枯竭的资源.它不耗水、不用燃油、用地少且容易大规模开发,可以快速联网,没有其他能源可与风能具有的优势相匹敌.     

原子荧光光谱法测定水中砷、汞的方法比对实验

本文主要通过试验确定原子荧光谱测定水中砷、汞的监测条件并在现有标准下进行分析试验.     

电化学强化低能耗废水生物处理技术研究

以碳布为阴阳极材料构建一种新型的生物电化学系统（BES）,研究该系统在不曝气条件下对城市污水的处理效果,并与传统的厌氧和好氧处理方法进行比较。结果表明,该BES处理城市污水是可行的,与传统曝气法相比能够显著降低能耗。在进水CODcr,为350mg／L、NH3-N为15mg／L、水力停留时间（HRT）为24h时,电化学强化生物处理系统对CODcr和NH3-N的去除率达84％和80％,优于同等条件下的厌氧、好氧生物处理方法。BES的输出电压最高为211mV。     

论如何提高环境监测能力

环境监测是由于环境的污染而产生形成的,并伴随着环境保护事业的发展而不断前进。环境监测作为环境保护工作的要点．也是其环境决策的最重要依据．其水平高低的强弱反映了环境管理能力。离开了环境监测就等于失去了环境管理的奠基石。因此,为了加强环境保护,提高其环境管理的效率,我们必须依靠其环境监测。因此本文从多个方面阐述了如何提高环境监测的能力。     

低C/N条件下MUCT工艺数学模型的参数校正与验证

基于ASM2d模型建立了稳定运行的MUCT工艺营养物质去除过程的动力学反应模型,比较各种COD、TN、NH 4＋-N、TP的实测值和模拟值,以确定系统在低C/N条件下运行时的动力学和化学计量学参数.模拟结果表明,稳态模型中的动力学参数qPHA、KA、KPP、YPO3-4、μAUT和ηNO-3分别取值2.90 g.（g.d）-1、3.85 g.m-3、1.35 g.（g.d）-1、0.35、1.6和0.8.其他的动力学和化学计量学参数可采用IWA给出的默认值.     

Power matters in closing the phenotyping gap

Much of our understanding of physiology and metabolism is derived from investigating mouse mutants and transgenic mice, and open-access platforms for standardized mouse phenotyping such as the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) are currently viewed as one powerful tool for identifying novel gene-function relationships. Phenotyping or phenotypic screening involves the comparison of wild-type control mice with their mutant or transgenic littermates. In our study, we explored the extent to which standardized phenotyping will succeed in detecting biologically relevant phenotypic differences in mice generated and provided by different collaborators. We analyzed quantitative metabolic data (body mass, energy intake, and energy metabolized) collected at the GMC under the current workflow, and used them for statistical power considerations. Our results demonstrate that there is substantial variability in these parameters among lines of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice from different sources. Given this variable background noise in mice that serve as controls, subtle phenotypes in mutant or transgenic littermates may be overlooked. Furthermore, a phenotype observed in one cohort of a mutant line may not be reproducible (to the same extent) in mice coming from a different environment or supplier. In the light of these constraints, we encourage researchers to incorporate information on intrastrain variability into future study planning, or to perform advanced hierarchical analyses. Both will ultimately improve the detectability of novel phenotypes by phenotypic screening. Carola W. Meyer and Ralf Elvert contributed equally to this work.     

Triterpene saponin hemi-biosynthesis of a leaf beetle’s (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Platyphora kollari</Emphasis>) defensive secretion

The adults of the leaf beetle Platyphora kollari (Chrysomelidae) are able to metabolise the oleanane triterpene β-amyrin (1) into the glycoside 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-hederagenin (2) that is stored in their defensive glands. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that oleanolic acid (3) is an intermediate in the conversion of 1 into 2 and to check whether the sequestration of pentacyclic triterpenes is selective in favour of β-amyrin (1). To this end, adults of P. kollari were fed with Ipomoea batatas leaf disks painted with a solution of [2,2,3-²H₃]oleanolic acid or [2,2,3-²H₃]α-amyrin and the secretion of their defensive glands analysed by HPLC–ESIMS. The data presented in this work indicated that the first step of the transformation of β-amyrin (1) into the sequestered glycoside 2 is its oxidation into oleanolic acid (3) and that this conversion is selective but not specific in favour of β-amyrin (1).