Impact of repeated application on the binding and persistence of [14C]-DDT and [14C]-HCH in a tropical soil

An Indian sandy loam soil was initially treated with 1 kg a.i. ha(-1) of either [(14)C]-p,p'-DDT or [(14)C]-gamma-HCH during winter. DDT concentration after 30 days declined to 75.3%, which included 2.1% soil-bound residues. After 150 days, DDT levels further decreased to 42.4% with a concomitant increase in bound residues amounting to 5.9%. Identical treatment with HCH caused the residue levels to be reduced to 67.4 and 23.6%, after 30 and 150 days, respectively. During this period, the soil-bound residues of HCH increased from 5.2 to 12.8%. Repeat application to pre-treated soils in summer and subsequent field exposure for 30 days reduced the concentration of DDT to 52.1% and that of HCH to 42.4% of the total concentration following the second treatment. In parallel control experiments, which received only a single treatment, DDT levels declined to 61.3%, while HCH slumped to 45.3%, indicating a slower dissipation rate than in the corresponding repeated treatments. In repeat experiments, the soil-bound residues of DDT and HCH showed only a 1.07 to 1.08-fold increase in 30 days, as compared to three to ten-times increase in the control experiments. The results amply demonstrate that pre-treatment of tropical soils with DDT or HCH enhances their rate of dissipation and significantly reduce the formation of their soil-bound residues.     

Effect of mecoprop drift on some plant species of conservation interest when grown in standardized mixtures in microcosms

There has been an increasing awareness of potential impacts of herbicide drift on to vegetation in nature reserves and field margin habitats adjacent to treated areas. Previous work using single species bioassays has suggested that the effects of a single drift event are confined close to the sprayer (< 10 m). In the present study eight native dicotyledonous species, with and without a perennial grass (Lolium perenne), were grown in standardized microcosms in order to study (1) the effects of herbicide drift where plants were exposed to competition, and (2) the effects of a second spray application. The microcosms were arranged downwind (0-8 m) of a standard agricultural sprayer applying mecoprop at recommended rates. The effects of the herbicide drift on foliar symptoms of plant damage and end-of-season yield were assessed in each of two years. The main conclusions were that (1) growth of Stachys sylvatica and Lolium perenne (where sown) was enhanced near the sprayer and, (2) six other species (Digitalis purpurea, Galium mollugo, Hypericum hirsutum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Primula veris and Ranunculus acris) showed some evidence of reduction in either performance (assessed non-destructively after a single exposure) or yield after two exposures. Three species (Lychnis flos-cuculi, Primula veris and Ranunculus acris) showed a reduction in flowering performance. Thus, mecoprop drift affected the aesthetic appearance, possibly the fecundity of some species and the balance between species in these microcosm experiments. The implications of these results for the persistence of attractive plant communities in sensitive areas are discussed.     

Effect of methyl mercuric chloride treatment on haematological characteristics and erythrocyte morphology of Swiss mice

Effects of methyl mercuric chloride (MMC) on the blood parameters of Swiss mice (Mus musculus) were studied. The mice received an initial dose of MMC (24 mg kg(-1) body wt) as intraperitoneal injection followed by a second similar dose on the 14th day of the first dose administration. Significant (p < or = 0.001) decreases in haemoglobin content, red blood cell (RBC) count and haematocrit value were observed in the MMC injected mice when compared to the control mice. The effect of the second dose was severe, after which no significant recovery in the values of these parameters was observed. The result also showed a high degree of mercury accumulation in the blood of the MMC exposed mice. Interesting features were marked in the erythrocyte morphology of the exposed mice. An initial shrinkage followed by swelling of the cells was observed after each injection. The outline of the exposed cells was irregular with beak like or small finger like projections. Rupturing and disintegration of the erythrocyte membrane, leading to erythrolysis, were also noticed.     

Effect of shore position and environmental metal levels on body metal burdens in the barnacle, Elminius modestus

Body (thorax and prosoma) weight, shell growth, and Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ca levels were measured in artificially settled Elminius modestus over a 14-month period following transfer to high, mid and low tide positions in the uncontaminated Menai Strait and two mid tide sites within a Zn and Cu polluted bay on the North West coast of Anglesey. Barnacles showed higher mortality and slower growth at the upper shore position than at any other site. There was no evidence of Zn and Cu regulation by the bodies or shells, and both seemed to reflect environmental levels. Body metal levels were lowest in early winter and the highest second year values were found in January (Zn), March (Cu, Fe) or May (Ca). Higher shore barnacles contained larger concentrations of Zn than mid or low tide animals. Differences in feeding activity and the amount of testes may account for these variations. Reciprocal transplants between polluted and 'clean' sites indicate that body Cu and Zn accumulation and loss was very rapid. Spatial and temporal changes in shell metal levels closely mirror that of the body.     

The influence of pH on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris and on the cadmium forms present in the culture medium

Cadmium toxicity to the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris was investigated in media of pH 3-9. A significant decrease of cadmium toxicity occurred in both the acidic and alkaline ranges of pH. In media of pH 3 and 9, cadmium did not affect the dry mass content substantially. Maximum toxicity of cadmium was noticed at pH 6-7. Voltametric investigations showed a significant effect of pH on electrochemically measured cadmium content in the culture media. Hydrolysis of the medium components and formation of cadmium complexes with OH(-) ions caused a considerable decrease in amounts of electrochemically measured cadmium in the alkaline range of pH.     

互联网发展对城市绿色创新的影响机理——基于专利视角的分析北大核心CSCDCSSCI

互联网发展是否促进了城市绿色创新?以往研究针对互联网发展和城市创新之间开展了许多有益的探讨,但鲜有从绿色发展的角度来进行深入剖析。众所周知,互联网等新一代信息技术的不断发展和普及,既能够促进技术进步,也成为地区经济增长方式转换的关键。因此,文章从专利视角入手,在系统梳理互联网发展与城市绿色创新相互作用关系的基础上,基于中国2005—2019年285个地级市面板数据,采用双向固定效应模型和中介效应模型实证分析了互联网发展对中国城市绿色创新水平的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:①互联网发展对城市绿色创新有显著促进作用,且相比较绿色实用新型专利,对绿色发明专利的促进作用更加明显,经过内生性讨论和更换变量等一系列稳健性检验来进行再次回归分析,结果依旧稳健;②进一步的机制检验发现,互联网发展主要通过降低交易成本、提高技术研发能力和加强外部监督水平这三个途径来推动地区绿色创新水平的提升;③异质性分析结果表明,不同地理位置和城市规模下,互联网发展对中西部地区和大型城市绿色创新水平的促进作用更加显著,而对东部地区和规模较小城市的促进作用一般。因此,在中国经济发展转型的新时期,一方面要推动互联网向社会经济各领域渗透,以各产业融合促进创新发展;另一方面也要提高互联网技术的自主创新能力,既要重视创新资源的投入,又要提高创新产出的质量,从而更好地挖掘地区绿色创新潜力,提高信息技术水平,以实现地区经济长远、可持续发展。     

潜力的兑现还是赢者的诅咒——来自跨区域能源项目电价反向招标的证据(2006—2020年)北大核心CSCDCSSCI

能源项目反向招标作为替代统一上网电价的市场自由化政策在全球范围内有效提高了各类能源的降本效率,但近年来项目投标运营主体却陷入了盈利瓶颈。针对这一现象,该研究修正关联价值模型,构建动态竞标决策框架,评估项目成本和产出不确定时能源投资企业附加动态预期的最优投标电价决策,并利用2006—2020年欧美和亚太地区3000余个大型电站电价招标及项目后期运营的样本数据进行检验。结果显示:①几乎全球能源投资企业都会陷入“过分乐观”预期导致的“赢者诅咒”怪圈,最终所持项目的实际运营收益远低于预期。投标主体往往更容易低估项目建设和运营的成本压力和风险,并高估项目的电力产出和收入稳定性,尤其在联合投标机制被取消和禁止以后,招标结果甚至变得更加激进。由于经历过超预期技术进步的持续修正,过度乐观的预期超越了行业内生性的技术进步,成为持续施压电价下降的重要动力。②当前的能源产业特别是风、光新能源未能有效发挥行业潜力,随着新能源行业技术革新,它较之火电项目表现出更加激进的竞标策略。在内卷化竞标压力下,内生性的成本优化阻碍了新能源项目的潜力发挥,当期成本是导致其陷入“赢者诅咒”的最重要原因。③在考虑学习曲线效应等诸多因素以后,除了企业的融资成本优势以外,样本数据并未发现包括经验、市场环境等内外部因素能使企业跳出这一怪圈。甚至在过去的5年左右时间里,“赢者诅咒”导致的项目投资利润下降超过市场技术进步因素,一度成为风电和太阳能项目电力价格下降的最主要因素。因此,健康可持续的能源产业政策需要立足于上游持续的技术革新,完善绿色金融为基础的资本市场体系,确保提供优质项目服务能源消费者,并为能源项目投资者提供来自资本市场的认可和支持。     

绿色产业政策与制造业绿色技术创新北大核心CSCDCSSCI

绿色产业政策是指中央或地方政府制定的、以绿色政策工具为手段,以促进产业绿色转型升级为目标的各种策略组合。绿色产业政策鼓励企业绿色创新,强调以创新驱动的方式实现制造业高质量发展。然而,目前国内关于绿色产业政策实施效果的评价研究存在严重缺口。文章将2017年国务院批准设立的绿色金融改革创新试验区视为一次外生冲击,基于2011—2019年沪深A股上市公司面板数据,采用双重差分法实证检验了该政策对制造业绿色技术创新的影响及内在机制。研究发现,与非试验区企业相比,绿色金融改革创新试验区的设立通过缓解融资约束,整体上促进了制造业绿色技术创新。同时,绿色金融产生的信贷资源配置效应,有助于引导金融资源从重污染行业流向绿色清洁行业,这不仅缓解了试验区非污染企业的融资约束,也加重了污染企业的融资成本,从而倒逼污染企业绿色转型。在引入企业生命周期动态视角后,结果显示,试验区设立更易诱发制造业行业中成熟期企业绿色技术创新,对成长期和衰退期企业的影响并不显著。进一步地,从地区市场环境和企业所有制等角度对绿色金融的异质性作用进行了探究,发现绿色金融的创新激励效果在要素市场发育程度更高的分位区间以及国有企业中更为显著。基于上述政策效果的评价结果,目前中国政府制定的以绿色金融为主要手段的区域型绿色产业政策能够在内化环境外部性成本的条件下,实现制造业绿色转型升级。但是,在未来还需精准化推广绿色金融改革创新试验区,不断丰富和完善试验区内绿色金融产品和工具。该研究为绿色金融在环境污染治理标准和治理体系中争取“一席之地”提供了丰富的理论和经验证据,同时也为碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现提供了基于绿色产业政策视角的可行思路。     

中国电力行业的全周期碳足迹北大核心CSCDCSSCI

在碳达峰与碳中和目标下,国家层面与各省份均在积极推动碳减排。电力行业作为我国最大的排放部门成为减排重点之一,然而电力行业存在的隐含碳排放造成实际排放低估,省际间碳转移导致省级碳减排不公平问题突出。因此识别电力行业全周期碳足迹,尤其是不同省份的隐含碳足迹以及省际间的转移碳足迹特征,有助于正确评估电力行业碳排放,科学界定不同省份的碳减排责任并合理分配。通过构建电力行业全周期点-流模型以揭示电力产业链中存在的能源活动,进而明确基于用电侧考虑的2018年全周期碳足迹,并刻画碳隐含度与碳转移依赖度指标来分析电力行业的隐含碳排放与省间转移碳排放。研究表明:(1)我国电力行业全周期碳排放系数为689 g/(kW·h),排放量为4.747×10^(9)t,其中北方大部分地区排放系数偏高,山东最高达891 g/(kW·h),南方地区偏低,云南最低仅101 g/(kW·h)。(2)全国电力行业全周期碳隐含度为8.95%,东南沿海贫煤省与煤炭生产高排放省的碳隐含度偏高,贵州最高达14.63%,西北、华北富煤省的碳隐含度偏低,新疆最低仅4.94%;全国隐含碳排放量为4.25×10^(8)t,广东隐含碳排放量最高达5.0×10^(7)t,青海最低仅1.17×10^(6)t。(3)全国电力行业全周期碳转移量为9.26×10^(8)t,约占排放总量的19.5%,电力与煤炭自给率越低的省区对外碳转移依赖度越高,其中北京最高达71.24%;内蒙古、山西、陕西、宁夏、安徽、新疆、贵州是主要碳转入省,总转入7.11×10^(8)t,其中内蒙古最高达2.64×10^(8)t;江苏、浙江、广东、山东、河北、北京、辽宁、河南、上海是主要碳转出省,总转出6.92×108t,其中江苏最高达1.12×10^(8)t;全国共有240对省存在碳转移,其中有102对的转移量超过1.0×10^(6)t。在研究基础上,提出相应建议推动省级电力行业公平合理低碳发展。     

制造业集聚如何影响区域绿色发展福利?北大核心CSCDCSSCI

现有研究集中从经济效益和环境效益两个维度重点分析了制造业集聚的影响,而鲜有文献系统研究制造业集聚如何影响区域绿色发展福利。事实上,中国已转向高质量发展阶段,提高全社会绿色发展福利是高质量发展的内在要求和本质属性。该研究基于制造业集聚的独特视角,以外部经济理论为媒介,系统阐释了制造业集聚对绿色发展福利的影响机制;并以2003—2016年长江经济带110个城市的面板数据为样本,人工收集1840—1909年清朝在一系列不平等条约中被迫开放的通商口岸、1933年中国各城市是否通铁路以及城市的地形起伏度等变量作为内生变量的工具变量,多维度动态评估绿色发展福利水平,并采用控制空间溢出效应和内生性的GS2SLS方法系统考察了制造业集聚对区域绿色发展福利的影响效应,揭示其存在的空间外溢衰减规律,验证制造业集聚外部性对区域绿色发展福利的差异性影响。研究发现:(1)长江经济带绿色发展福利呈现“低水平块状集聚,高水平点状分布”的空间格局,未来潜力增长方向在上游地区;(2)适宜的制造业集聚可以提升区域绿色发展福利,过度的制造业集聚反而会抑制区域绿色发展福利的提高;(3)制造业集聚对区域绿色发展福利的影响随空间距离的增大而减小,表现为“双峰”结构;(4)MAR外部性和Jacobs外部性有助于提升区域绿色发展福利,Porter外部性却表现为负向作用。为此,该研究从把握绿色发展福利演进规律、制定差异化区域政策、推进区域一体化建设及甄选适宜的产业集聚模式等方面提出相关政策建议,以期为推进长江经济带高质量发展和打造世界级的先进制造业集群提供理论支撑和经验证据。