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991.
    
Biological invasions represent a key threat to insular systems and have pronounced impacts across environments and economies. The ecological impacts have received substantial focus, but the socioeconomic impacts are poorly synthesized across spatial and temporal scales. We used the InvaCost database, the most comprehensive assessment of published economic costs of invasive species, to assess economic impacts on islands worldwide. We analyzed socioeconomic costs across differing expenditure types and examined temporal trends across islands that differ in their political geography—island nation states, overseas territories, and islands of continental countries. Over US$36 billion in total costs (including damages and management) has occurred on islands from 1965 to 2020 due to invasive species’ impacts. Nation states incurred the greatest total and management costs, and islands of continental countries incurred costs of similar magnitude, both far higher than those in overseas territories. Damage-loss costs were significantly lower, but with qualitatively similar patterns across differing political geographies. The predominance of management spending differs from the pattern found for most countries examined and suggests important knowledge gaps in the extent of many damage-related socioeconomic impacts. Nation states spent the greatest proportion of their gross domestic products countering these costs, at least 1 order of magnitude higher than other locations. Most costs were borne by authorities and stakeholders, demonstrating the key role of governmental and nongovernmental bodies in addressing island invasions. Temporal trends revealed cost increases across all island types, potentially reflecting efforts to tackle invasive species at larger, more socially complex scales. Nevertheless, the already high total economic costs of island invasions substantiate the role of biosecurity in reducing and preventing invasive species arrivals to reduce strains on limited financial resources and avoid threats to sustainable development goals.  相似文献   
992.
    
Han  Jie  He  Shanshan  Shao  Wenyuan  Wang  Chaoqi  Qiao  Longkai  Zhang  Jiaqi  Yang  Ling 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2023,21(1):81-95
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Municipal solid waste could potentially transmit human pathogens during the collection, transport, handling, and disposal of waste. Workers and residents living in...  相似文献   
993.
    
Gas sensing research experiences a worldwide revival in the last years. From one side, the emergence of novel sensing materials enables unprecedented capacities for improving the device performances. From the other, the increasing opportunities for applications impacting current societal priorities highly motivate further studies. Herein, this field is reviewed with special attention to the emerging approaches and the most recent breakthroughs, challenges, and perspectives. In particular, this study focuses on: 1) the sensing layers analyzing recent trends toward nanostructured, low-dimensional and composite materials; and 2) the latest achievements and targets in terms of applications, from environmental monitoring to food aroma identification and quality control up to the healthcare sector with breath analysis and diseases diagnosis.  相似文献   
994.
    
The application of biopesticides in many industries can be hampered due to their high volatility, susceptibility to degradation when exposed to light or microbial activity, and reduced activity when exposed to stressful environmental conditions. Microencapsulation of biopesticides is a promising technique to solve and address such problems. This study aimed to encapsulate and characterize the extracts produced by Penicillium chrysogenum R1 and evaluate their antifungal activity in the plant assay. The capsules were prepared with a chitosan (0.5 mg/mL) and sodium alginate solution (2% w/v), and 20% (v/v) cell-free extract recovered from the P. chrysogenum R1 fermentation. The capsules were synthesized in a 2.5% CaCl2 solution at room temperature. The capsules were characterized by DLS and SEM. To determine the efficiency of the free and encapsulated extract, they were applied to tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum. Once the symptoms were observed, the severity and incidence of the disease, as well as the morphological parameters were evaluated. such as dry weight of aerial and root biomass, plant height, root length, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and number of leaflets. The extract produced by P. chrysogenum R1 was encapsulated in chitosan/alginate capsules with a size range of around 300 nm. The free and encapsulated extracts allowed to efficiently control the disease caused by F. oxysporum and the development of the plants. Therefore, the extract produced by P. chrysogenum R1 encapsulated in chitosan/alginate can effectively control tomato vascular wilt caused by F. oxysporum under greenhouse conditions, promoting plant growth.  相似文献   
995.
吴雅涛  王桥  郭小  李敬光  吴永宁  柳鑫 《环境化学》2024,43(12):3950-3962
甲状腺疾患是一种常见的内分泌系统疾病,其发展可能受到全氟及多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的影响. 本研究采用不良结局途径(AOP)分析框架,探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)对甲状腺功能的潜在影响机制. 通过整合毒理学基因组学数据库(CTD)、GeneCards、DisGeNET、MalaCards、GO及KEGG的数据,建立了PFOS/PFOA-基因-表型-甲状腺疾病的网络模型. 以肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)作为分子启动事件(MIE),本研究揭示了PFOS和PFOA可通过升高TNF-α的水平,进而干扰甲状腺激素的代谢途径,诱发炎症反应、氧化应激及脂质与葡萄糖代谢的变化等关键事件(KE)发生,最终导致甲状腺功能障碍不良结局(AOP). 这条AOP网络的发现为理解PFASs通过诱发炎症反应、氧化应激以及影响甲状腺激素、脂质和葡萄糖代谢从而对人类健康造成伤害提供了依据,对公共健康政策制定具有重要意义.  相似文献   
996.
个人护理品(PCPs)是人们生活中必不可少的一类日用品,包括洗手液、洗衣液及家用消毒剂等。在抗菌消毒类PCPs中添加的主要抗菌成分有三氯生(TCS)、对氯间二甲苯酚(PCMX)、氯己定(CHX)及季铵化合物(QACs),近年来这些物质作为新兴污染物在环境及人体中被频繁检出,具有潜在的环境和健康风险。本文系统归纳总结了TCS、PCMX、CHX及QACs的抗菌机制和应用、环境中的检出和归趋,以及毒性效应和健康风险,对深入研究PCPs中常用抗菌剂的毒性效应机制和评估健康风险具有重要参考价值。  相似文献   
997.
    
Recent food system shocks and increasing climate change exposures highlight the urgency of strengthening food systems at different scales, including global, regional and national, to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper investigated opportunities to strengthen the translation of regional food system policy guidance to the national level in the Pacific Island region. We applied a theory-informed, empirical study design, based on interview data. We found that inadequate regional–national translation of food system policy guidance arises from (i) competing demands on limited resources, exacerbated by challenges of financing multisectoral initiatives; (ii) often weak regional–national dialogue; and (iii) perceived tension of economic, social and environmental priorities in dominant policy paradigms. These barriers may be addressed by establishing a regional food system governance structure and accountability mechanisms as well as a paradigm shift to balance focus between food system priorities. Current drives to implement National Food System Transformation Pathways may provide necessary impetus to realise these opportunities.  相似文献   
998.
韩桥  何向东  王明仕  何予川  刘洋 《环境化学》2021,40(8):2473-2480

本研究基于2019年5月在安庆市城区离线采集大气中VOCs样品获取的监测结果,分析了安庆市城区大气中VOCs的污染特征、化学反应活性及与二次气溶胶生成之间的关系。结果表明,2019年5月安庆市城区大气VOCs日均体积分数范围为18.56×10−9—25.05×10−9,均值为22.53×10−9,烷烃、烯烃、炔烃和芳香烃占比分别为52.40%、20.81%、16.90%和9.89%。C2—C5的烷烃、乙烯、丙烯、甲苯和苯是含量最丰富的组分。甲苯/苯(T/B)均值为1.67,表明安庆市城区大气VOCs符合机动车尾气为主要贡献源的特征。乙烷/乙炔(E/E)均值为0.49,表明采样区域大气老化程度较轻,受本地污染排放影响较大。利用·OH消耗速率(LOH)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评估了大气VOCs的反应活性,安庆市城区大气VOCs中烯烃活性最高,对LOH和OFP的贡献依次为67.08%和69.80%,丙烯、乙烯、正丁烯、乙炔等是安庆市大气VOCs的关键活性组分。利用气溶胶生成系数法(FAC)估算了大气中VOCs的二次气溶胶生成潜势,芳香烃对SOA的贡献率最大,高达94.09%,甲苯、苯和间/对二甲苯等是对SOA生成贡献较大的组分。

  相似文献   
999.
周变红  冯瞧  王锦  曹夏  许东东  李建军 《环境化学》2021,40(9):2796-2808
为探究宝鸡市冬季城郊不同污染天大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征,于2019年10月15日至2020年1月31日分别对宝鸡市城郊连续PM2.5样品采集并进行研究分析。结果表明,2019年冬季宝鸡市城郊平均PM2.5质量浓度分别为(96.9±51.4)μg·m−3和(111.2±48.2)μg·m−3,总水溶性离子日平均质量浓度分别为(46.2±31.9)μg·m−3和(48.7±30.2)μg·m−3,二次离子SNA(${{rm{NO}}_3^{-} }$${{rm{SO}}_4^{2-}} $${{rm{NH}}_4^{+}} $)分别占城郊总水溶性离子平均质量浓度的90.7%和89.7%。污染加重,SNA质量浓度越高,在总离子和PM2.5中质量浓度占比也越大。城区SNA质量浓度、占总离子和PM2.5的比例分别由优良天的16.1 μg·m−3、82.5%和31.4%增加到重度污染天的89.6 μg·m−3、93.0%和50.5%。郊区SNA质量浓度、占总离子和PM2.5的比例分别由优良天的15.7 μg·m−3、81.6%和27.1%增加到重度污染天的84.9 μg·m−3、91.8%和46.5%。城郊NO3质量浓度在不同污染等级下始终最高,城郊不同污染等级平均质量浓度分别为(22.2±17.6)μg·m−3和(21.3±15.0)μg·m−3。城郊冬季大气污染受移动源的影响较大,随着污染加重,移动源的贡献有升高趋势。不同等级污染天大气PM2.5整体偏碱性,随着污染加重,酸性有所降低。PMF源解析结果表明,宝鸡市冬季大气PM2.5中的水溶性离子主要来源有:二次反应源(硫酸盐和硝酸盐)、生物质燃烧、燃煤及扬尘源。城区的硫酸盐和生物质燃烧对大气污染贡献较大,郊区对大气污染贡献较大的是燃煤和生物质燃烧。  相似文献   
1000.
    
Ongoing loss of biological diversity is primarily the result of unsustainable human behavior. Thus, the long-term success of biodiversity conservation depends on a thorough understanding of human–nature interactions. Such interactions are ubiquitous but vary greatly in time and space and are difficult to monitor efficiently at large spatial scales. However, the Information Age also provides new opportunities to better understand human–nature interactions because many aspects of daily life are recorded in a variety of digital formats. The emerging field of conservation culturomics aims to take advantage of digital data sources and methods to study human–nature interactions and thus to provide new tools for studying conservation at relevant temporal and spatial scales. Nevertheless, technical challenges associated with the identification, access, and analysis of relevant data hamper the wider adoption of culturomics methods. To help overcome these barriers, we propose a conservation culturomics research framework that addresses data acquisition, analysis, and inherent biases. The main sources of culturomic data include web pages, social media, and other digital platforms from which metrics of content and engagement can be obtained. Obtaining raw data from these platforms is usually desirable but requires careful consideration of how to access, store, and prepare the data for analysis. Methods for data analysis include network approaches to explore connections between topics, time-series analysis for temporal data, and spatial modeling to highlight spatial patterns. Outstanding challenges associated with culturomics research include issues of interdisciplinarity, ethics, data biases, and validation. The practical guidance we offer will help conservation researchers and practitioners identify and obtain the necessary data and carry out appropriate analyses for their specific questions, thus facilitating the wider adoption of culturomics approaches for conservation applications.  相似文献   
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