Effects of biochars on the bioaccessibility of phenanthrene/pyrene/zinc/lead and microbial community structure in a soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The immobilization of co-contaminants of organic and inorganic pollutants by biochar is an efficient remediation strategy. However, the effect of biochar amendments on the bioaccessibility of the co-contaminants in dry versus flooded soils has rarely been compared. In batch experiments, bamboo-derived biochar(BB) had a higher sorption capacity for phenanthrene(Phe)/pyrene(Pyr)/zinc(Zn) than corn straw-derived biochar(CB), while CB had a higher sorption capacity for lead(Pb) than BB. After 150 days of incubation, the amendments of 2% CB, 0.5% BB and 2% BB effectively suppressed the dissipation and reduced the bioaccessibility of Phe/Pyr by 15.65%/18.02%, 17.07%/18.31%and 25.43%/27.11%, respectively, in the aerobic soils. This effectiveness was more significant than that in the anaerobic soils. The accessible Zn/Pb concentrations were also significantly lower in the aerobic soils than in the anaerobic soils, regardless of treatments.The Gram-negative bacterial biomass and the Shannon–Weaver index in the aerobic soil amended with 2% CB were the highest. The soil microbial community structure was jointly affected by changes in the bioaccessibility of the co-contaminants and the soil physiochemical properties caused by biochar amendments under the two conditions. Therefore, dry land farming may be more reliable than paddy soil cultivation at reducing the bioaccessibility of Phe/Pyr/Zn/Pb and enhancing the soil microbial diversity in the short term.     

Simultaneous Fe(III) reduction and ammonia oxidation process in Anammox sludge

In recent years, there have been a number of reports on the phenomenon in which ferric iron (Fe(III)) is reduced to ferrous iron [Fe(II)] in anaerobic environments, accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of ammonia to NO₂^-, NO₃^-, or N₂. However, studies on the relevant reaction characteristics and mechanisms are rare. Recently, in research on the effect of Fe(III) on the activity of Anammox sludge, excess ammonia oxidization has also been found. Hence, in the present study, Fe(III) was used to serve as the electron acceptor instead of NO₂^-, and the feasibility and characteristics of Anammox coupled to Fe(III) reduction (termed Feammox) were investigated. After 160days of cultivation, the conversion rate of ammonia in the reactor was above 80%, accompanied by the production of a large amount of NO₃^- and a small amount of NO₂^-. The total nitrogen removal rate was up to 71.8%. Furthermore, quantities of Fe(II) were detected in the sludge fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturated gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses further revealed that in the sludge, some Anammox bacteria were retained, and some microbes were enriched during the acclimatization process. We thus deduced that in Anammox sludge, Fe(III) reduction takes place together with ammonia oxidation to NO₂^- and NO₃^- along with the Anammox process.     

Managed grassland alters soil N dynamics and N2O emissions in temperate steppe

Reclamation of degraded grasslands as managed grasslands has been increasingly accelerated in recent years in China. Land use change affects soil nitrogen(N) dynamics and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. However, it remains unclear how large-scale grassland reclamation will impact the grassland ecosystem as a whole. Here, we investigated the effects of the conversion from native to managed grasslands on soil N dynamics and N_2O emissions by field experiments in Hulunber in northern China. Soil(0–10 cm), nitrate(NO_3~-),ammonium(NH_4~+), and microbial N were measured in plots in a temperate steppe(Leymus chinensis grassland) and two managed grasslands(Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis grasslands) in 2011 and 2012. The results showed conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa or B. inermis grasslands decreased concentrations of NO_3~–-N, but did not change NH_4~–N . Soil microbial N was slightly decreased by the conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa, but increased by the conversion to B. inermis. The conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M. sativa(i.e., a legume grass) increased N_2O emissions by 26.2%, while the conversion to the B. inermis(i.e., a non-legume grass) reduced N_2O emissions by 33.1%. The conversion from native to managed grasslands caused large created variations in soil NO?3~-+–N and NH_4~–N concentrations. Net N mineralization rates did not change significantly in growing season or vegetation type, but to net nitrification rate. These results provide evidence on how reclamation may impact the grassland ecosystem in terms of N dynamics and N_2O emissions.     

基于改进PPC模型的铁路弃渣场综合风险评价系统

为了客观准确地评估铁路弃渣场的综合风险,建立基于改进投影寻踪聚类（PPC）模型的风险评价模型。首先建立了6个维度共19个因素的指标体系,并制定相应评价标准;然后借鉴K均值聚类思想来确定PPC模型关键系数-密度窗宽R,以解决传统方法造成的聚类效果差等问题;同时将遗传算法（GA）作为模型优化算法得到最优投影方向和样本投影值等关键数据;最后以贵昆线铁路的10座弃渣场作为案例研究,研究结果表明:“弃渣场边坡条件”和“地形与地基条件”2个维度对弃渣场的综合风险影响最大;验证了所建模型的科学性,评价结果能够规避人为主观因素的干扰,更加与实际情况相贴合。     

石油企业如何深入推进车队HSE标准化建设

标准化管理不仅是企业发展的内在需求也是企业适应市场的客观需要。本文基于石油企业车队现有的管理基础,探讨车队HSE标准化建设经验,通过着力抓好"基础管理-驾驶员管理-车辆管理-运行控制-应急管理"5个方面,深入推进车队标准化建设,建立交通运输风险防控长效机制。从实践情况来看,提升了企业交通安全管理水平,对企业的长远发展具有重大的现实意义。     

漂浮型B、N共掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及柴油降解性能

以膨胀珍珠岩为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备硼、氮共掺杂漂浮型Ti O_2,采用XRD、BET、SEM、UV-vis DRS、XPS等分析手段进行材料表征并考察其对柴油的光降解性能.结果表明,B-N-Ti O_2/EP复合光催化剂表面有明显的Ti O_2覆层,晶型为锐钛矿型Ti O_2,Ti O_2负载有利于比表面积的提升.制得的B-N-Ti O_2/EP的可见光区响应高于N-Ti O_2/EP和Ti O_2/EP,该结果与3种材料的柴油光降解效果相一致.B-N-Ti O_2/EP对柴油的9h降解率将近50%,GC-MS分析表明,光降解过程中柴油各特征组分(C_9~C_(23))均得到不同程度降解,其中C_(11)以下的短链有机分子降解效果明显.     

Fe0-PRB去除Cr(Ⅵ)反应动力学及影响机制

零价铁渗透式反应墙技术(zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier,Fe~0-PRB)是近年来兴起的一项高效经济的地下水原位修复技术,被成功应用于地下水Cr(Ⅵ)污染的场地修复中.针对Fe~0-PRB去除Cr(Ⅵ)的反应影响机制开展研究,从动力学角度揭示零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的环境条件响应规律,获得描述零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的反应动力学模型.考察了地下水常见离子对Cr(Ⅵ)去除的影响,发现地下水中氯离子通过影响电子传递影响Cr(Ⅵ)去除,硫酸根、镁离子通过参与反应影响Cr(Ⅵ)去除,碳酸氢根通过参与反应和影响电子传递共同影响Cr(Ⅵ)去除,钙离子对Cr(Ⅵ)去除影响不大.研究结果为Fe~0-PRB去除Cr(Ⅵ)的工艺参数优化提供方法和理论依据.     

施用生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征影响

为研究玉米秸秆生物质炭施用后土壤腐殖质组成和土壤胡敏酸结构的变化,选择腐殖质组成修改法和国际腐殖质协会推荐的方法进行土壤腐殖质组分提取和HA样品纯化,采用重铬酸钾外加热法和TOC分析仪测定土壤、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)有机碳含量,采用元素组成和红外光谱分析HA的结构变化.研究结果表明:施入玉米秸秆生物质炭后,表层和亚表层土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量均有不同程度的提高,表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量增加幅度较大,分别增加了83.61%、112.50%、89.63%、91.78%和89.82%,说明玉米秸秆生物质炭的施用更有助于表层土壤有机碳的积累;PQ值(HA在腐殖酸中的比例)略有增加;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性增强,氧化度降低.此外,施用玉米秸秆生物质炭后,土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,与表层相比,亚表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量分别下降了62.84%、52.94%、62.38%、66.62%和61.61%;土壤PQ值略有降低;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性降低,氧化度增加.     

空空导弹电源模拟负载设计与热仿真分析

目的筛选得到最优模拟负载设计方案。方法首先对采用功率电阻实现的电源模拟负载结构进行功率和阻值关系计算,通过计算确定两套功率电阻阻值方案,然后根据空空导弹电源考核要求设计了电源模拟负载,对满足功率要求的两套阻值方案进行热仿真分析,对比选取最优的阻值方案。结果对基于所选方案制作的模拟负载进行了热试验评估,热仿真结果与热试验结果对比偏差最大为2℃。结论数据分析表明,热仿真所选模拟负载设计方案合理可行。