酸性硫酸盐环境中菌密度对生物成因次生铁矿物形成的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)促进次生铁矿物形成的现象在酸性煤矿废水(ACMD)的治理领域具有重要意义.本研究探索了A. ferrooxidans接种密度在酸性硫酸盐环境(9K培养基)中对Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及矿物产生量的影响,同时考察了矿物合成体系矿相的变化情况.结果表明,当体系A. ferrooxidans接种密度为0.27×10⁶~5.40×10⁷ cells·mL^-1时,溶液中Fe²⁺需60~12 h氧化完全.培养至60 h,上述体系总Fe沉淀率分别达到10.7%~35.9%.不同接种体系Fe²⁺同时氧化完全时,沉淀单位质量Fe而转化的次生铁矿物量随着接种密度的增加而增大.例如,A. ferrooxidans接种密度分别为1.35×10⁶、2.70×10⁶、8.10×10⁶和1.62×10⁷ cells·mL^-1的处理在Fe²⁺同时完全氧化时刻,Fe沉淀率分别为17.6%、20.0%、24.1% 和26.5%,且沉淀1 g Fe转化的次生铁矿物量分别为2.04、2.10、2.17与2.27 g.结晶度较差的施氏矿物是次生铁矿物合成初期产生的唯一矿相,Fe²⁺完全氧化时,矿物相为施氏矿物与结晶度好的黄铁矾矿物的混合物.     

类二 多氯联苯对赤子爱胜蚓生理活性的影响

通过人工土壤法,研究0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000μg/kg类二 多氯联苯暴露浓度对赤子爱胜蚓 (Eisenia fetida)抗氧化酶(SOD酶、CAT酶和GST酶)、抗氧化分子(GSH)、氧化损伤物(MDA)等生理活性指标在第2, 7, 14, 28d时的影响.结果显示,类二 多氯联苯刺激赤子爱胜蚓生理活性显著增加(P<0.05),可诱导蚯蚓抗氧化系统应答启动;不同暴露时间下,受试物浓度与蚯蚓生理活性的相关性分析显示,蚯蚓不同生理活性指标对受试物的最佳响应时间不同, Cu-Zn SOD响应最早(7d), SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA次之(14d), GST响应最迟(28d);在最佳响应时间下,受试物暴露浓度对数与生理活性值对数均存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P <0.001)     

水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统泥水同步降解耦合建模及大规模现场校验研究

选取以霍夫水丝蚓(L.hoffmeisteri)为主的水蚯蚓作为研究对象,考察了环境因子中水温(T)和底物氨氮(NH4+-N)对水蚯蚓比生长速率的影响.结果表明,在20～ 30℃的试验水温范围,水蚯蚓在25℃时的比生长速率高于其他水温条件,试验得到水蚯蚓水温影响常数θAW=0.05,水蚯蚓氨氮饱和常数KNH4,AW =41.3 mg·L-1.以水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统生物场-水力场耦合模型(T-FCASM-Hydro)为基础,从环境因子中水温和底物氨氮对水蚯蚓生长影响的角度改进T-FCASM-Hydro模型,建立了T-FCASM-Hydro-Temp模型,并利用浙江省诸暨市某污水处理厂的现场水质数据完成模型的校核验证工作.结果表明,与T-FCASM-Hydro模型相比,T-FCASM-Hydro-Temp模型更能准确模拟出系统中水蚯蚓的生物量,并且出水水质参数也更贴近实测值,系统稳定运行后水蚯蚓生物量维持在2000 mg·L-1左右.     

秋冬季厦门岛大气颗粒物中PCBs的污染特征及入海通量

于2006至2008年秋季和冬季在台湾海峡西岸厦门岛采集大气颗粒物样品,分析28种多氯联苯（PCBs）,包括指示性PCBs和类二恶英PCBs的含量特征及组成,探讨其可能来源,并对其干沉降入海通量进行估算。结果显示,2006至2008年秋冬季厦门岛大气颗粒物中PCBs的浓度分别为0.43~53.55、2.07~81.14和3.79~153.39 pg/m³,主要以高氯取代PCBs为主,类二恶英PCBs毒性当量值与主要城市相当。冬季PCBs浓度高于秋季,且2006至2008年的秋冬季PCBs浓度呈上升趋势,这可能受到厦门市汽车尾气和工业废气排放等人类活动导致大气颗粒物含量升高的影响。气团后向轨迹分析表明,冬季厦门岛大气颗粒物中较高浓度的PCBs主要受中国北方大陆污染气团来源的影响,而秋季大多来源于洁净海洋气团。秋季和冬季,大气颗粒物中PCBs的沉降通量分别为3.79和8.32 ng/（m²·d）,按调查区域覆盖面积（63 000 km²）估算,通过大气干沉降向台湾海峡输入的PCBs量分别为22 kg和47 kg。     

Picoplankton and virioplankton abundance and community structure in Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay,South China

By using flow cytometry techniques, we investigated the abundance and composition of the heterotrophic prokaryotes, virioplankton and picophytoplankton community in the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay in the summer of 2012. We identified two subgroups of prokaryotes, high nucleic acid (HNA) and low nucleic acid (LNA), characterized by different nucleic acid contents. HNA abundance was significantly correlated with larger phytoplankton and Synechococcus (Syn) abundance, which suggested the important role of organic substrates released from primary producers on bacterial growth. Although LNA did not show any association with environmental variables, it was a vital component of the microbial community. In contrast to previous studies, the total virioplankton concentration had a poor relationship with nutrient availability. The positive relationship between large-sized phytoplankton abundance and the V–I population confirmed that V–I was a phytoplankton-infecting viral subgroup. Although the V–II group (bacteriophages) was dominant in the virioplankton community, it was not related with prokaryotic abundance, which indicated factors other than hosts controlling V–II abundance or the uncertainty of virus-host coupling. With respect to the picophytoplankton community, our results implied that river input exerted a strong limitation to Syn distribution in the estuary, while picoeukaryotes (Euk) were numerically less abundant and showed a quite different distribution pattern from that of Syn, and hence presented ecological properties distinct from Syn in our two studied areas.     

磺酰脲类农药特性及国内外监测技术研究现状

随着磺酰脲类除草剂使用范围的扩大和农民为提高除草效果而擅自增加用量,其在农作物、环境中的残留及其对人类健康和环境造成的毒害越来越为人们所关注。本文主要介绍磺酰脲类农药的特性,以及目前国内外对该类农药监测技术领域的一些研究成果。该类农药的监测技术主要有高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、气相和气质联用法、高效薄层析技术、酶联免疫生物测定法和放射性同位素示踪法等方法,这些检测方法为实际环境监测中选择最合适的分析方法监测磺酰脲类农药提供参考。     

Relationship between nutrients and plankton biomass in the turbidity maximum zone of the Pearl River Estuary

Nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic carbon and plankton (bacterio-, phyto- and zoo-) were compared in the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) and adjacent areas (non-TMZ) in the Pearl River estuary. Our results showed that high levels of suspended substances had marked effect on dynamics of nutrients and plankton in the TMZ. Based on the cluster analysis of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, all stations were divided into two groups, TMZ with average TSS of 171 mg/L and non-TMZ of 45 mg/L. Suspended substances adsorbed PO₄^3 − and dissolved organic carbon, resulting in higher particulate phosphorus and organic carbon (POC) and lower PO₄^3 − and DOC in the TMZ, compared to the non-TMZ. However, suspended substances had limited effect on nitrogenous nutrients. Phytoplankton growth was light-limited due to high concentrations of suspended substances in the TMZ and a peak of phytoplankton abundance appeared in the non-TMZ. In contrast, the highest bacterial abundance occurred in the TMZ, which was likely partly responsible for low DOC levels. Two peaks of zooplankton abundance observed in the TMZ and non-TMZ in the Pearl River estuary were primarily supported by bacteria and phytoplankton, respectively. Our finding implied that high levels of suspended solids in the TMZ affect the trophic balance.     

珠江口海洋生物体中脂肪烃组分的气相色谱指纹特征分析

采用毛细管气相色谱法分析了珠江口鱼类（蓝圆）、虾类（长毛对虾）、头足类（火枪乌贼）和贝类（近江牡蛎）样品的脂肪烃组分。组分特征参数表明,珠江口海洋生物体中的脂肪烃类主要来自石油源,少量来自海洋生源烃。生物体内的石油烃已经经历了一定程度的降解和代谢,反应出低浓度持续性石油污染的特点。在４种海洋生物中,近江牡蛎表现出较弱的降解和代谢石油烃的能力。     

测定废水中总磷的两种预处理方法的比较

对测定总磷含量的两种预处理方法即过硫酸钾和硝酸-硫酸消解方法进行了对比实验。这两种方法均为国家环保部认可的标准方法,经实验证明其精密度和准确度都符合要求。     

深圳湾沉积物中重金属污染累积过程

通过测定深圳湾沉积物柱样中重金属的含量,分析重金属浓度的剖面分布情况,并结合²¹⁰Pb的测年资料,高分辨率地研究重金属的污染历史,并分析其污染的累积过程结果表明:深圳湾沉积物中重金属的浓度相对较低,但Pb、Cu、Zn等已明显受到人类污染源的影响;近20年深圳经济的快速发展,以及20世纪60～70年代香港经济的崛起时期,对深圳湾沉积物重金属污染累积有显著的贡献.