美国水质交易政策及其对上海的启示

介绍了美国水质交易政策的概念和实施状况,分析了水质交易必备的要素及取得的经济、环境和社会效益.上海在排污交易方面有多年的积累,可以借鉴美国在水质交易方面的经验,研究点源和非点源间的交易,基于市场的经济刺激政策,解决城市和农田径流产生的排放控制问题.     

活性碳纤维吸附甲苯废气吸附等温方程的研究

研究了固定床吸附器中粘胶基活性碳纤维(viscose rayon-based ACFs)吸附甲苯废气的特性,通过实验测定活性碳纤维吸附不同浓度甲苯废气的穿透曲线,作出等温吸附曲线,根据实验数据拟合出几个吸附平衡方程,并与实验结果进行比较.实验结果可为工业设备设计提供参考.     

大尺度区域非点源污染负荷计算方法

针对我国非点源污染研究中存在的主要矛盾,即已有的实验和研究多集中在小流域和小区域范围内(10000 km2以下),而缺乏全流域尺度下的非点源污染负荷估算方法,通过分析非点源污染负荷研究中的尺度问题及其解决途径,提出了大尺度区域非点源污染负荷的计算方法,以适应规划层次下非点源污染控制和管理的需要.研究在分析非点源污染负荷产生和迁移途径的基础上,依据水文产汇流和污染物迁移过程,建立了大区域尺度非点源污染负荷估算模型;在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,分别按城市径流、农业生产、农村居民点和畜禽养殖4种类型,计算了2000年我国10个一级水资源区的溶解态非点源污染负荷量.结果表明,2000年全国范围内非点源污染情况比较严重,耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN、TP和NH4 -N的人河量分别达到6.65×106t、3.28×106t、1.56×106t和0.83×106t.最后,采用各流域机构的非点源污染调查数据(2000年),对模型计算结果进行了验证,结果表明,模型结构基本合理,计算结果具有一定的可靠性.     

森林地区持久性有机污染物的沉降和释放

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是一类具有毒性、难降解性和生物富集性的污染物。由于具有半挥发性,POPs可以随大气进行长距离传输并富集到极地等寒冷的偏远地区。大气沉降和挥发是POPs全球传输的关键过程。森林是POPs的重要储库,其POPs的强吸收能力加速了POPs的沉降,使得森林成为POPs大气沉降研究的重要介质。本文综述了当前森林POPs沉降研究的主要成果,重点阐述了大气POPs向植被（树冠）沉降和植被POPs向林下土壤迁移沉降这两大关键过程的特征和机制,并简要总结了林下POPs的后沉降过程（循环及再释放）和机制。最后,提出森林POPs沉降研究应着眼于观测技术开发、微观机制解析、关键规律总结、释放特征观测和多污染物耦合等方向,进而拓展大气污染物干湿沉降研究范围、丰富大气污染物干湿沉降研究的理论和方法,力争为气候变化背景下污染防治提供科学依据和理论支撑。     

西藏拉萨河流域巴嘎雪湿地水化学特征

以西藏拉萨河流域主要天然湿地之一的巴嘎雪湿地作为研究对象,对该湿地水体的pH值、水温、溶解氧(DO)、色度、浊度和15种金属元素的含量进行了分析检测.结果表明,巴嘎雪湿地水的pH、DO平均值分别为7.68、7.01mg/L;湿地水中15种金属元素含量均较低,汞、锡两种金属元素未能检出,其他13种金属元素的含量顺序为:Fe >Cr> V>Ni> Mn> As> Sb> Mo> Pb> Zn> Cu >Co> Cd,并均达到了国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类水质标准.通过比较湿地进水和出水水质的发现,巴嘎雪湿地对色度、浊度和部分金属元素的去除效果显著.对色度、浊度的去除率分别达到了51.73%、94.8%,对不同金属元素的去除效果不同,Cu、Pb、Zn、Mo、As、V的去除率分别为64.2%、36.9%、40.7%,28.2%、31.9%、67%.     

Response surface analysis of the water: feed ratio influences on hydrothermal recovery from biomass

Response surface methodology was employed to analyze the interaction between the water:feed ratio (2.0-9.0), reaction temperature (180-280 °C) and retention time (0-60 min) on hydrothermal conversion of lawn grass clippings as a model biomass. Solid residues and the liquid pH decreased, while the water-soluble organic fraction increased with greater water:feed ratios. Greater water content resulted in a higher yield of reducing sugars, proteins, and amino acids. This was attributed to improved mass transport properties in the subcritically-heated water. Response surface analysis was used to describe the interaction of the water:feed ratio, temperature and retention time with regards to the yields of reducing sugars, proteins, and amino acids. The highest yields of both reducing sugars and amino acids were obtained with a water:feed ratio of 5.5 at 230 °C reaction temperature and 30 min retention time; highest yield of protein was obtained with a water:feed ratio of 9.0 at 230 °C and 0 min retention time. Moreover, fitted quadratic polynomial, fitted 2FI polynomial and quadratic polynomial were established via ANOVA to describe the effects of temperature, retention time and water:feed ratio on the yield of reducing sugars, proteins, and amino acids.     

基于数值模拟的小流域泥石流危险性评价研究

通过重点研究岷江小流域内6条泥石流沟,采用野外实地调查和遥感影像解译,以及在同实际降雨频率相同的条件下运用FLO 2D进行的数值模拟,重现了泥石流暴发现状,得出其堆积扇危险特征,与实际作出对比验证,计算出其堆积扇面积的误差比率在-25%~12%之间,冲出量的误差比率在-16%~-1%之间,模拟结果较好。并同时对研究区内高、中、低3种危险类型的面积及特征进行分析,得出小流域内的泥石流堆积扇危险面积所占比例。根据相同参数设计模拟5%、1%降雨频率下泥石流结果,得出3种不同频率下的堆积扇平均堆积深度、堆积扇面积和冲出量,可为研究区的泥石流风险评估、预警预报、工程治理和危险范围分区提供有效的参考依据     

双酚AF胁迫对雄性斑马鱼成鱼甲状腺组织及激素水平的影响

为评价双酚AF(BPAF)的甲状腺毒性,以雄性斑马鱼成鱼为受试模式生物,采用半静态染毒的方式对雄性斑马鱼成鱼染毒14 d(0、5、50和500μg·L~(-1)),分别设置7 d、14 d 2个时间节点,通过酶联免疫法(ELISA)分别检测斑马鱼血浆中总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)的含量水平,并对14 d暴露后斑马鱼甲状腺进行组织学检测分析。结果显示随着暴露浓度的提高,出现甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞增生,滤泡组织变形明显,细胞胶质缺失等病理学变化。雄性斑马鱼在BPAF暴露情况下,血浆中TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4含量随着暴露浓度的提升和时间的延长出现显著上升,呈现出甲状腺功能亢奋的干扰效应。     

National Park Development in China: Conservation or Commercialization?

The rapid development of parks and ecotourism in China has attracted worldwide attention, not only for the beauty of the landscape that the parks are protecting but also for their abundant and often unique biodiversity. However, in some areas, the development of ecotourism has actually led to the degradation of local ecological, economic, and social systems. Using National Forest Parks for demonstration, this article analyzes the current political, institutional, legal, environmental, and economic issues concerning National Parks in China, and examines their potential future development. Although the intention of National Park systems in China is to raise environmental quality, and to protect biodiversity and social livelihoods, their success has varied. Future success will be measured by their capacity to reduce poverty, to promote long-term rehabilitation of wildlife habitats, and to simultaneously protect Chinese culture and biodiversity.     

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China： A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market, Government and Society

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979,China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society.This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China.It examines some major resource and environmental issues,and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors(government,market and society).In addition,the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period.We argue that the combination of market regulation,government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment.Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them,including coordinating role of government and market,building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.