气相色谱／石墨炉（Ⅲ型）原子吸收光谱联用及汽油中铅化学形态分析的研究

本文研究了气相色谱／石墨炉（Ⅲ型）原子吸收光谱联用的工作条件对测定（Ｃ２Ｈ４）４Ｐｂ的影响,选择了分析条件并建立了其分析方法。该方法的最小检测量为８．６×１０－１１ｇ,回收率为１００．８～１１１．４％。已用于汽油中铅化学形态的分析,取得了满意的结果。     

中国竹林生态系统的碳储量

利用中国4次森林资源清查资料以及中国森林生态定位观测研究站(CFERN)的观测数据,估算了中国1977-2003年期间4个时期竹林生态系统的碳储量,并对其垂直分配结构特征、时空动态格局和贮碳潜力进行了分析.竹林的总碳储量结果为1977-1981年期间537.6Mt C,1984-1988年期问598.61Mt C,1994-1998年期间710.14 Mt C,1999-2003年期间837.92Mt C,期间浙江、江西、福建、湖南、广东和四川六省是中国竹林碳库的主要组成部分,占80.04%-83.13%.垂直分配结构基本相似,植被层占总碳储量的23.84%～24.49%,枯落物层占0.93%～0.96%,土壤层占的74.55%～75.23%.1999-2003年期间中国竹林生态系统碳素现存量为837.92 Mt C,10年后贮碳量将达到837.92 Mt C,并以C 54.81Mt·a-1.的平均积累速率递增.     

典型喀斯特地区土壤退化机理探讨:不同土地利用类型土壤水分性能比较

我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区以土壤退化为核心的环境退化形势严峻.揭示土壤退化过程和退化机理,是认识喀斯特这个特殊环境的土地生态系统诸多环境退化问题的一个重要途径.本文选择黔中猫跳河流域上游长顺县广顺乡典型喀斯特景观为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对不同土地利用类型的土壤水分性能进行了比较研究,以探讨喀斯特地区土壤退化的过程与机理.结果表明,与基本无退化的本底林地相比较,草地土壤的水分性能明显变劣,表现为:土壤的持水能力下降,田间持水量和毛管持水量分别下降49.5%和56.2%;土壤供水能力降低,总有效含水量下降56.4%;土壤渗透性能减弱,150 min饱和渗水量减少70.1%.土壤的这些水分特征与土壤发生的强度和速度都有着非常密切的关系,草地土壤水分性能的这种退化将加剧土壤的侵蚀.可以认为,在西南典型喀斯特地区,土壤的水分退化是土壤退化的一个关键过程和因素.     

The research of below-cloud scavengingof rainwater in Guilin City

Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆｂｅｌｏｗ－ｃｌｏｕｄｓｃａｖｅｎｇｉｎｇｏｆｒａｉｎｗａｔｅｒｉｎＧｕｉｌｉｎＣｉｔｙＢａｉＹｕｈｕａ；ＹａｏＲｏｎｇｋｕｉ；ＬｉＸｉｎ；ＴａｎｇＸｉａｏｙａｎ（ＴｈｅＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌＰｈｙｓｉｅ...     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

Species and distribution of rare earth elements in the Baotou section of the Yellow River in China

This paper analyses the contents and species distributions of rare earth elements (REEs) in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, with known anthropogenic REE input from industrial discharges. The major forms of REEs were suspended and dissolved in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Baotou section, respectively. The concentrations of the dissolved and suspended REEs had the same trends in the overlying water along the mainstream, which increased from the Seqi section (site A) to the mouth of the Sidaosha River (site D), reaching a maximum value at site D, and tending to decrease thereafter. The contents of REEs in sediment cores showed enrichment with light rare earth elements (LREEs). The bound to carbonates and to Fe–Mn oxides are the major forms of REE in the secondary phase and the REE exhibited LREE enrichment pattern and moderate Eu depletion in suspended particulates and surface sediments. The contents and species distributions of REEs in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section suggest that the anthropogenic source of REEs from Baotou city have enhanced REE accumulation to the Baotou section. This information is important for predicting possible pollution resulting from anthropogenic REE input into rivers.     

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

典型农耕区黑土和沼泽土团聚体颗粒中重金属的分布特征解析

了解重金属在土壤中的富集特征是其风险评价和土壤修复的基础。分别以黑龙江省典型的农耕黑土和沼泽土为研究对象,采用干筛法获得〉4000、4000～2000、2000～1000、1000～250、250～53和〈53衄16个粒级的土壤团聚体颗粒组。利用等离子质谱（ICP-MS）测定了本土和各级团聚体颗粒中Cr、Cd、As和Pb的含量,并对其颗粒组分布特征及对有机碳的响应进行了解析。研究表明,2种土壤中的重金属Cr、Cd和Pb的富集因子均大于1,而As则存在明显的流失。除了黑土中的As和Pb外,其他重金属随着团聚体粒径的增加而呈现富集减弱的趋势。其中,cr和cd主要趋向分布在粉．黏团聚体（〈53wn）颗粒中;Pb在黑土中易赋存于1000～2000μm大团聚体中,在沼泽土中则富集于53～250μm的微团聚体中;As不但趋向被吸附在53～250μm的微团聚体中,而且在黑土中也容易被吸附在〉l000μm的大团聚体中。金属质量负载计算表明,大粒径颗粒组对土壤中重金属含量的总体贡献较大。土壤中有机碳含量均随着团聚体粒径减小而升高,cr和Cd分布与颗粒有机碳含量正相关,黑土中As的分布与颗粒中有机碳含量负相关而在沼泽土中呈弱正相关,Pb的分布则与有机碳含量均无明显的相关性。     

快开门式压力容器安全管理现状及建议

快开门式压力容器是一种广泛应用于建材、纺织、橡胶、医药、食品、玻璃等行业的固定式压力容器,因其结构的特殊性,对安全联锁保护装置和作业人员操作及应急处置能力要求较高,一旦安全联锁装置失效或作业人员应急处置不当,极易发生安全事故。本文针对快开门式压力容器安全管理的法律法规要求、几种典型快开门式压力容器现状及存在问题,从设计、制造、检验、监管等环节提出快开门式压力容器安全管理措施及建议,以确保其安全运行。     

Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.