全文获取类型
收费全文 | 608篇 |
免费 | 30篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 20篇 |
废物处理 | 11篇 |
环保管理 | 150篇 |
综合类 | 85篇 |
基础理论 | 161篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 148篇 |
评价与监测 | 36篇 |
社会与环境 | 36篇 |
灾害及防治 | 5篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 12篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 11篇 |
2018年 | 24篇 |
2017年 | 26篇 |
2016年 | 33篇 |
2015年 | 30篇 |
2014年 | 24篇 |
2013年 | 49篇 |
2012年 | 36篇 |
2011年 | 61篇 |
2010年 | 32篇 |
2009年 | 23篇 |
2008年 | 36篇 |
2007年 | 27篇 |
2006年 | 22篇 |
2005年 | 18篇 |
2004年 | 19篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 19篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 2篇 |
1942年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有653条查询结果,搜索用时 500 毫秒
71.
Species, habitats, and ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors, fueling a rapidly expanding research program to understand the cumulative impacts of these environmental modifications. Since the 1970s, a growing set of methods has been developed through two parallel, sometimes connected, streams of research within the applied and academic realms to assess cumulative effects. Past reviews of cumulative effects assessment (CEA) methods focused on approaches used by practitioners. Academic research has developed several distinct and novel approaches to conducting CEA. Understanding the suite of methods that exist will help practitioners and academics better address various ecological foci (physiological responses, population impacts, ecosystem impacts) and ecological complexities (synergistic effects, impacts across space and time). We reviewed 6 categories of methods (experimental, meta-analysis, single-species modeling, mapping, qualitative modeling, and multispecies modeling) and examined the ability of those methods to address different levels of complexity. We focused on research gaps and emerging priorities. We found that no single method assessed impacts across the 4 ecological foci and 6 ecological complexities considered. We propose that methods can be used in combination to improve understanding such that multimodel inference can provide a suite of comparable outputs, mapping methods can help prioritize localized models or experimental gaps, and future experiments can be paired from the outset with models they will inform. 相似文献
72.
73.
The mangrove channels of Bahía Magdalena, Mexico, are important developmental areas for juvenile green, or black turtles (Chelonia mydas), but incidental bycatch and illegal hunting threaten population persistence. We studied size distribution, condition index
(CI), growth rates, and mortality of black turtles in Estero Banderitas, the largest mangrove channel in Bahía Magdalena,
to supply information for the development of effective conservation strategies. A total of 213 black turtles (including 88
recaptures) were caught in entanglement nets between July 2000 and July 2003. Average yearly catch per unit of effort (CPUE,
1 unit: 100 m of net fishing for 12 h) dropped during the study from 2.19 to 0.76. About 97% of all turtles were considered
juveniles, average size was 54.6 ± 9.5 cm. Turtles were significantly smaller at the head of Estero Banderitas than in the
central part of the Estero and in the open bay, indicating size-based habitat segregation. Average growth rate was 1.62 cm/year
and declined with increasing size. Growth was seasonal and three times higher in summer (0.28 cm/month) than in winter (0.09 cm/month),
body CI was also significantly higher during the summer months. A seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) was
used to model growth for the size range studied (43–73 cm SCL), with the parameters: L
∞ = 101 cm SCL; K = 0.04 year−1; t
0 = 0; C = 0.4 and t
s = 0.75. Growth data indicate that black turtles may spend up to 20 years in Bahía Magdalena before they reach maturity at
about 77 cm SCL. The total mortality estimate (Z) from the length converted catch curve was 0.16, corresponding to a yearly survival probability of 0.85. 相似文献
74.
S?nke Zaehle Stephen Sitch I Colin Prentice Jari Liski Wolfgang Cramer Markus Erhard Thomas Hickler Benjamin Smith 《Ecological applications》2006,16(4):1555-1574
We show the implications of the commonly observed age-related decline in aboveground productivity of forests, and hence forest age structure, on the carbon dynamics of European forests in response to historical changes in environmental conditions. Size-dependent carbon allocation in trees to counteract increasing hydraulic resistance with tree height has been hypothesized to be responsible for this decline. Incorporated into a global terrestrial biosphere model (the Lund-Potsdam-Jena model, LPJ), this hypothesis improves the simulated increase in biomass with stand age. Application of the advanced model, including a generic representation of forest management in even-aged stands, for 77 European provinces shows that model-based estimates of biomass development with age compare favorably with inventory-based estimates for different tree species. Model estimates of biomass densities on province and country levels, and trends in growth increment along an annual mean temperature gradient are in broad agreement with inventory data. However, the level of agreement between modeled and inventory-based estimates varies markedly between countries and provinces. The model is able to reproduce the present-day age structure of forests and the ratio of biomass removals to increment on a European scale based on observed changes in climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, forest area, and wood demand between 1948 and 2000. Vegetation in European forests is modeled to sequester carbon at a rate of 100 Tg C/yr, which corresponds well to forest inventory-based estimates. 相似文献
75.
Piyamas Nanork Siriwat Wongsiri Benjamin P. Oldroyd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(10):1509-1514
Honey bee workers are able to distinguish queen-laid eggs from worker-laid eggs, and remove (‘police’) worker-laid eggs. The
cue that police workers use is as yet unidentified but is likely to be a chemical signal. This signal benefits queens for
it ensures their reproductive monopoly. It also benefits collective workers because it allows them to raise more closely related
queen-laid males than the less-related sons of half sisters. Because both parties benefit from the egg-marking signal, it
should be stable over evolutionary time. We show that Apis mellifera workers can distinguish queen-laid from worker-laid eggs of the dwarf honey bee A. florea, a phylogenetically distant species that diverged from the A. mellifera lineage 6–10 mya. However, A. mellifera workers are unable to distinguish worker-laid eggs of A. cerana, a much more recent divergence (2–3 mya). The apparent change in the egg-marking signal used by A. cerana may be associated with the high rates of ovary activation in this species. 相似文献
76.
Nadine C. Chapman Benjamin P. Oldroyd William O. H. Hughes 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1185-1194
Which task a social insect worker engages in is influenced by the worker’s age, genotype and the colony’s needs. In the honeybee,
Apis mellifera, genotype influences both the age a worker switches tasks and its propensity of engaging in specialist tasks, such as water
collecting, which only some workers will perform. In this study, we used colonies with natural levels of genetic diversity
and manipulated colony age demography to drastically increase the stimuli for the generalist tasks of foraging and nursing,
which all workers are thought to engage in at some point in their lives. We examined the representation of worker patrilines
engaged in nursing and foraging before and after the perturbation. The representation of patrilines among foragers and nurses
differed from that of their overall colony’s population. In the case of foraging, over- and underrepresentation of some patrilines
was not simply due to differences in rates of development among patrilines. We show that replacement foragers tend to be drawn
from patrilines that were overrepresented among foragers before the perturbation, suggesting that there is a genetic component
to the tendency to engage in foraging. In contrast, the representation of patrilines in replacement nurses differed from that
in the unperturbed nursing population. Our results show that there is a genetic influence on even the generalist tasks of
foraging and nursing, and that the way patrilines in genetically diverse colonies respond to increases in task stimuli depends
upon the task. The possible significance of this genetic influence on task allocation is discussed.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at doi: and is accessible to authorized users. 相似文献
77.
Potential allelopathic effect of Pinus halepensis in the secondary succession: an experimental approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Catherine Fernandez Benjamin Lelong Bruno Vila Jean-Philippe Mévy Christine Robles Stéphane Greff Sylvie Dupouyet Anne Bousquet-Mélou 《Chemoecology》2006,16(2):97-105
Summary. Recent economic and social changes in north Mediterranean regions have led to an important rural depopulation. Consequently,
meadows developed on abandoned agricultural lands (characterized by high species richness) undergo reforestation. These former
fields are mainly colonized by Pinus halepensis Miller, which is known to synthetize a wide range of secondary metabolites, among these, some could influence plant succession
through allelopathy. The allelopathic potential of P. halepensis, was tested against two target species (Lactuca sativa L. and Linum strictum L.) with aqueous extracts obtained from different organs (root and needle) taking into account the individual age (±10, ±30
and > 60 years old). Root and needle extracts affected differently germination and growth of the two target species, the responses
varying with concentration of extracts, age and organs tested. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on the germination
and growth of L. strictum, exposed to needle extracts of young P. halepensis (±10 years old), and root extracts of older P. halepensis (> 30 years old). These extracts contained several phenolic acids (e.g. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid), which are known as allelochemicals and their concentrations vary with age and
organ tested. Hence, P. halepensis could influence secondary succession through the release of potential allelochemicals in the environment by leaf leachates
or root exudates. 相似文献
78.
M Zachariah Peery Benjamin H Becker Steven R Beissinger 《Ecological applications》2006,16(4):1516-1528
Identifying source-sink dynamics is of fundamental importance for conservation but is often limited by an inability to determine how immigration and emigration influence population processes. We demonstrate two ways to assess the role of immigration on population processes without directly observing individuals dispersing from one population to another and apply these methods to a population of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in California (USA). In the first method, the rate of immigration (i) is estimated by subtracting local recruitment (recruitment from within the population due to reproduction) estimated with demographic data from total recruitment (f; recruitment from within the population plus recruitment from other populations) estimated using temporal symmetry mark-recapture models developed by R. Pradel. The second method compares population growth rates estimated with temporal symmetry models (lambdaTS) and/or population growth rates estimated from counts of individuals over multiple sampling periods (lambdaC) with growth estimates from a stage-structured projection matrix model (lambdaM). Both lambdaTS and lambdaC incorporate all demographic processes affecting population change (birth, death, immigration, and emigration), whereas matrix models are usually constructed without incorporating immigration. Thus, if lambdaTS and lambdaC are > or = 1 and lambdaM < 1, the population is sustained by immigration and is considered to be a sink. Using the first method, recruitment estimated with temporal symmetry models was high (f= 0.182, SE = 0.058), the mean adult birth rate, as estimated using the ratio of juveniles to > or = 1 year old individuals (observed during ship-based surveys) was low (bA = 0.039, SE = 0.014), and immigration was 0.160 (SE = 0.057). Using the second method, murrelet numbers in central California were stable (lambdaC = 1.058, SE = 0.047; lambdaTS = 1.064, SE = 0.033), but were projected to decline 9.5% annually in the absence of immigration (lambdaM = 0.905, SE = 0.053). Our results suggest that Marbled Murrelets in central California represent a sink population that is stable but would decline in the absence of immigration from larger populations to the north. However, the extent to which modeled immigration is due to permanent recruitment or temporarily dispersing individuals that simply mask population declines is uncertain. 相似文献
79.
R. Allen Brooks Martha S. Nizinski Steve W. Ross Kenneth J. Sulak 《Marine Biology》2007,152(2):307-314
The occurrence and relative abundance of tissue (arm) regeneration in the ophiuroid, Ophiacantha bidentata (Retzius), was examined in individuals collected primarily among colonies of the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa off the southeastern United States. Seven deep-water coral sites (384–756 m), located between Cape Lookout, NC, and Cape
Canaveral, FL, were sampled in June 2004 using a manned submersible. The presence of regenerative tissue was evaluated by
visual inspection of each individual ophiuroid, and the proportion of regenerating arms per individual was examined relative
to size of individual, geographic location, and depth of collection. Ophiacantha bidentata, the dominant brittle star collected, commonly displayed signs of sublethal injury with over 60% of individuals displaying
some evidence of regeneration. These levels of regeneration rival those reported for shallow-water ophiuroids. Larger individuals
(>6.5 mm disc size) had a higher incidence of regeneration than smaller individuals. Size of individual and percent of regeneration
were negatively correlated with depth. Although O. bidentata was significantly less abundant in southern versus northern sites, ophiuroid abundance did not appear to be influenced by
amount or density of coral substratum. Presence of dense aggregations of O. bidentata indicates that they are an important component of the invertebrate assemblage associated with deep-water coral habitat especially
in the northern part of the study area. Assuming that observed frequencies of injury and subsequent regeneration represent
predation events then dense ophiuroid aggregations in deep-water coral habitats represent an important renewable trophic resource
within these communities. 相似文献
80.
Hansen DA Edgerton ES Hartsell BE Jansen JJ Kandasamy N Hidy GM Blanchard CL 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(12):1460-1471
This paper presents an overview of a major, long-term program for tropospheric gas and aerosol research in the southeastern United States. Building on three existing ozone (O3)-focused research sites begun in mid-1992, the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study (SEARCH) was initiated in mid-1998 as a 7-year observation and research program with a broader focus including aerosols and an expanded geographical coverage in the Southeast. The monitoring network comprises four urban-rural (or urban-suburban) site pairs at locations along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and inland, including two moderately sized and two major urban areas (Pensacola, FL; Gulfport, MS; Atlanta, GA; and Birmingham, AL). The sites are equipped with an extensive suite of instruments for measuring particulate matter (PM), gases relevant to secondary O3 and the production of secondary aerosol particles, and surface meteorology. The measurements taken to date have added substantially to the knowledge about the temporal behavior and geographic variability of tropospheric aerosols in the Southeast. Details are presented in four papers to follow. 相似文献