In-situ synthesis of TiO2 rutile/anatase heterostructure by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature and thickness effect of outermost rutile layer on photocatalysis

TiO_2 rutile/anatase heterostructure thin films with varying rutile thickness have been in-situ synthesized via DC magnetron sputtering with Ar gas at room temperature. The crystal texture, surface morphology, energy gap and optical properties of the films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction meter, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction meter, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectrophotometer, which indicates that the rutile/anatase heterostructure films are successfully fabricated. The further degradation experiments display that the photocatalytic activity can be dramatically affected by the thickness of the outmost rutile layer and the 100 nm thickness exhibits the best performance in all of the TiO_2 thin films. With the increase of the outmost rutile layer, the optical band gap of TiO_2 film displays a systematic decrease slightly. However,the change in photocatalytic activity does not coincide with that in the band gap. The photoresponse and electrochemical properties of the thin films have been characterized to understand the mechanism of the varied photocatalytic activity.     

Pd-MnO2 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) photo-electrodes photo-catalytic properties and their ability of degrading Rhodamine B under visible light

Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 nanotube arrays(NTAs) photo-electrodes were successfully fabricated via anodization and electro deposition subsequently; the obtained Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 NTAs photo electrodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and characterized accordingly. Moreover, the light harvesting and absorption properties were investigated via ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum(DRS); photo degradation efficiency was investigated via analyzing the photo catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible illumination(xenon light). The performed analyses illustrated that Pd-MnO_2 codoped particles were successfully deposited onto the surface of the TiO_2 nanotube arrays;DRS results showed significant improvement in visible light absorption which was between400 and 700 nm. Finally, the photo catalytic degradation efficiency results of the designated organic pollutant(Rhodamine B) illustrated a superior photocatalytic(PC) efficiency of approximately 95% compared to the bare TiO_2 NTAs, which only exhibited a photo catalytic degradation efficiency of approximately 61%, thus it indicated the significant enhancement of the light absorption properties of fabricated photo electrodes and their yield of UOH radicals.     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials induced pulmonary surfactant inhibition, cytotoxicity, inflammation and lung fibrosis

Environmental exposure and health risk upon engineered nanomaterials are increasingly concerned. The family of mesoporous carbon nanomaterials(MCNs) is a rising star in nanotechnology for multidisciplinary research with versatile applications in electronics,energy and gas storage, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, there is mounting concern on their environmental health risks due to the growing production and usage of MCNs. The lung is the primary site for particle invasion under environmental exposure to nanomaterials. Here, we studied the comprehensive toxicological profile of MCNs in the lung under the scenario of moderate environmental exposure. It was found that at a low concentration of 10 μg/mL MCNs induced biophysical inhibition of natural pulmonary surfactant. Moreover, MCNs at similar concentrations reduced viability of J774 A.1 macrophages and lung epithelial A549 cells.Incubating with nature pulmonary surfactant effectively reduced the cytotoxicity of MCNs.Regarding the pro-inflammatory responses, MCNs activated macrophages in vitro, and stimulated lung inflammation in mice after inhalation exposure, associated with lung fibrosis.Moreover, we found that the size of MCNs played a significant role in regulating cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of this nanomaterial. In general, larger MCNs induced more pronounced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects than their smaller counterparts. Our results provided valuable information on the toxicological profile and environmental health risks of MCNs, and suggested that fine-tuning the size of MCNs could be a practical precautionary design strategy to increase safety and biocompatibility of this nanomaterial.     

山林地表慢渗系统处理农村生活污水厂尾水研究

利用山区污水处理厂周边森林植被构建慢速渗滤污水处理系统,用来处理山区农村生活污水厂尾水。结果表明,慢渗系统能够深度净化污水尾水,对COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为23.8%、40.2%、14.3%、11.3%和23.6%。并且土层越深,COD_(Cr)、TN、TP浓度越低,相应的去除率越高,而NO_3-N、TN去除率则呈降低趋势;山体坡度越大,COD_(Cr)、氨氮浓度有升高趋势,硝态氮、TN、TP有降低趋势;而坡长越大,COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_3-N、TN浓度有降低趋势,TP有升高趋势。此外,植被类型对水样化学性质有一定影响,竹林更利于COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、TP浓度的降低,针阔混交林更利于NO_3-N、TN浓度的降低。     

基于VSD模型的东山县海岸带区域生态脆弱性评价

随着人类社会经济的发展,海岸带区域的生态脆弱性逐渐凸显。本文基于VSD模型,从暴露性、敏感性及适应能力三个维度构建了包括3个层级、23个指标、5个评价等级的海岸带生态脆弱性评价体系,并选取全国第六大海岛县东山县作为研究区域,分为三个单元分区分别进行评价。结果表明,VSD模型可有效用于海岸带区域生态脆弱性的科学评估,评价结论显示东山县的东南部区域脆弱性程度最高,北部区域次之,西南部区域最低。通过筛选对三个区域影响均较明显的指标,得到东山县海岸带区域生态脆弱性的主要构成因子,并有针对性地提出了东山县海岸带综合管理的建议与措施。     

渤海湾天津近岸海域化学需氧量的分布特征、影响因素及与富营养化的关系

本文根据2014年春季（5月）、夏季（8月）、秋季（10月）天津近岸海域18个站位的海水质量监测数据,分析了海水中化学需氧量（Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD）的时空分布特征和海域富营养化状况,研究了COD与营养状态质量指数（NQI）的关系,浅析了赤潮生消过程中COD浓度的变化。结果表明,夏季COD高于春季和秋季,季节性差异显著;COD基本呈现近岸高外海低、南部高北部低的趋势;NQI指数的变化范围为1.68~12.50,平均值为4.46,富营养化严重;COD与NQI指数具有显著正相关性,一定程度上可以反映海域富营养化状况;COD与赤潮生物密度、Chl a呈极显著正相关关系,在反映赤潮生消过程中有重要作用。     

菌渣中阿维菌素残留检测方法及其无害化工艺研究

文章建立了简单、快速的阿维菌素菌渣中阿维菌素残留量高校液相色谱检测方法以及利用水热法处理阿维菌素菌渣。采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测方法测定阿维菌素菌渣中阿维菌素残留量,提取剂为乙腈/水=4/1(V/V),采用HLB固相萃取柱进行净化。加标回收率90.3%~107.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.00%~5.69%,阿维2菌素标准曲线线性相关系数R~2=0.999 6,线性范围为1.0~1 000 mg/L。利用正交实验,水热法处理阿维菌素菌渣,在190℃的温度下处理2 h后,菌渣中阿维菌素残留量由991.30降至0.84 mg/kg,去除率达99.92%。处理前后的菌渣与有机肥标准作对比,除含水率外其余检测指标均达到有机肥标准要求。该项研究为阿维菌素菌渣的资源化利用提供了理论依据。     

我国核事故应急“十三五”规划思路研究

通过分析我国核事故应急体系在应急预案、应急指挥、应急救援、技术支持、应急演习等多方面的已有能力,学习国外核电强国的核应急管理经验,总结福岛核事故应急的经验教训,发现我国现有核事故应急体系存在的问题,并提出"十三五"期间我国核事故应急的主要对策和措施,以期为我国核事故应急体系建设提供科学的和系统的工作思路。     

Evaluating the technical efficiencies of fishing vessels to achieve effective management of overexploited fisheries

Global marine capture fisheries are undergoing serious stress, with overfishing as one of the major problems. In order to mitigate the overexploitation of capture fisheries, government regulation or fisheries management is necessary. Among various management approaches, vessel quantity control is being widely employed. To achieve effective governance of fisheries, the technical efficiency (TE) issue needs to be considered in the implementation of vessel quantity control. Using the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) stick-held dip net fishery in Japan as a case study, this paper estimated the TE of sampled fishing vessels and explored the possible factors affecting the gap in efficiency. This paper aims to provide suggestions for a better implementation of vessel quantity control in global Pacific saury fishery, and also to serve as an empirical example of integrating TE analysis into management of overexploited fisheries for achieving satisfactory effects. Results show the TE score of the sampled fishery averaged around 0.7 from 2009 to 2014, and factors concerning owners/skippers’ motivation such as vessel ownership and specialization, vessel tonnage as well as skippers’ age show positive effects on the TE. Our findings in the present work provide important strategies for mitigating overexploitation in fisheries. Conducting technical efficiency analysis of targeted fisheries is a vital issue to be considered for designing and realizing an effective implementation of fisheries management approaches. The large vessels and the enthusiasm of vessel owners/skippers need to be particularly addressed when vessel quantity limit is considered to mitigate the problem of overfishing.     

大连重要海水增养殖区粪便污染指示菌和弧菌的时空分布

开展海水增养殖区卫生安全评价对于减少人体健康风险、提高增养殖区的有效管理尤为重要。本研究于2013年3月、5月、8月和10月对大连市金石滩、大长山岛、大李家3个重要海水增养殖区的贝类和海水进行了粪便污染指示菌总大肠菌群（TC）和粪大肠菌群（FC）的监测,同时监测了弧菌总数（TV）和主要环境要素（包括水温、pH、盐度、COD、DO、Chl a）。结果表明:这3个海区贝类组织中TC及海水中的TC、FC浓度均呈显著的时间和空间分布变化。贝类组织中TC含量随时间的分布趋势为:8月> 5月> 3月> 10月,空间分布为:大长山岛>金石滩,大长山岛>大李家,而金石滩和大李家差异不显著（P < 0.05）;海水中TC和FC浓度分布特征相似,时间分布特征均为:金石滩8月份最高,大李家5月份最高,而大长山岛各月份均低于最低检测限（2 MPN/100 mL）,空间分布特征均为:大李家增养殖区污染较为严重,而金石滩和大长山岛差异不显著（P < 0.05）。3个增养殖区8月份和10月份的海水中TV浓度较高,为3.3×102~4.23×105 CFU/100 mL。通过分析不同季节海水增养殖区中TC、FC、TV之间及其与水温、pH、盐度、COD、DO、Chl a的相关性,表明环境要素以及增养殖区水域特点对于粪便污染指示菌和弧菌的时空分布具有重要的影响。为更好地反映增养殖区的卫生安全状况,海水和养殖生物体内指示生物应同时监测,在监测传统粪便污染指示菌的同时,建议将弧菌作为重要的病原菌指标。