环境监测—一个实例研究

一家公司在现有工厂中引进一种新制造工艺时,也需要进行新的化学品贮存和分配、水处理、废水处理和废气处理。该公司有强有力的法人环境政策,虽然并没有义务这样做,但该公司仍然实施了环境影响评价和环境监测计划。该监测计划始于新工艺开工前九个多月,提供了有关大气、土壤、地下水和地表水的质量的基线数据。 监测继续进行,以便评价该工艺的影响,并为废水和大气排放物治理装置的设计提供有用信息。自从原工艺采用以来,制造技术上已经有了二个重大变化。这些变化也需要进一步监测,主要是废水水质和大气排放方面的监测,以便改进其处理工艺。     

CO_2、熔体和麻粒岩变质作用

<正> 许多实验表明,CO_2在硅酸盐熔体中具有一定的溶解度,虽然这种溶解度有限(表1)。这种溶解度取决于熔体的成分,并随温度和压力的降低而降低。由于CO_2与非桥氧起反应而生成碳酸根离子,故聚合得不太强的熔体将会溶解较大量的CO_2。因为水有助于熔体解聚,故CO_2在含水熔体中的溶解度比在同成分的无水熔体中大得多。由于CO_2在硅酸盐熔体中的溶解度比在水中低得多,故CO_2饱和的熔体的结晶温度将比水饱和的熔体的要高。此外,由于在高温、高压下CO_2在熔体中的溶解度增     

世界的氟石产量

一、前言氟石是一种非常重要的矿产品。据美国矿产局估计,全世界氟石的年产量约为500万吨,产值不足5亿美元(未包括运输费用)。本文对世界氟石的产量、用途、消费量和贸易量进行了展望,并根据市场经济国家和中国的有关资料,预测了未来世界氟石的生产量和生产费用。     

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed - reduction of 83 % of BOD load and 82 % of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health co     

Trace elements in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil and air particulate matter

The relationships between the trace element content of vegetables, agricultural soil and airborne particulate matter were investigated in the greater industrial area of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. Most elements were found at concentrations normally observed in vegetables grown in uncontaminated areas, however, elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr and Mn were found particularly in leafy vegetables. The trace element content of agricultural soil was low, despite the airborne particulate matter that was highly enriched with Zn, Cd, Pb and Mn. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the compositional patterns of the vegetables, the soil and the atmospheric particulates were largely different. The dominant pathway for most trace elements to vegetable roots was from the soil, while trace elements in vegetable leaves appeared to originate mostly from the atmosphere. High accumulation due to atmospheric deposition was found for Pb, Cr and Cd, especially in leafy vegetables. Root vegetables were found to accumulate soil Cd more efficiently than the other trace elements.     

Seasonal variability of total and easily leachable element contents in topsoils (0-5 cm) from eight catchments in the European Arctic (Finland, Norway and Russia)

Frozen topsoil samples (0-5 cm) were collected during March/April 1994 in eight Arctic catchments in northern Europe (4 in Russia, 3 in Finland, 1 in Norway) at varying distances and wind directions from the emissions of the Russian nickel ore mining, roasting and smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Between 14 and 25 sites were sampled in catchment basins ranging in size from 12 to 35 km(2). Sampling was repeated in spring immediately after the snow melted, in summer and in autumn to study seasonal variability and the fate of elements when the snow melts. The <2 mm fraction of air-dried topsoils was analysed for total (aqua regia extraction) and easily leachable (in 1 m ammonium acetate, buffered at pH 4.5) element concentrations using ICP-AES and GFAAS for up to 35 elements. Results for selected elements are presented here. Soil organic matter can be shown to be the controlling factor determining element contents and fate. In catchments close to the Russian nickel industry, the topsoils have low carbon and nitrogen contents. Using both extraction methods most elements reach maximum concentrations in winter; lowest concentrations are observed in midsummer. Soil organic matter and elements associated with it are thus leached out of the soils together with soluble elements when the snow melts. This process continues in summer. Elements will enrich surface waters, the lower layers of podzol profiles, or reach the groundwater. The use of the two extractions described provides a simple method to study the mobilities and pathways of elements in the topsoils during the arctic year. Using the proportions of easily leachable to total concentration, a good estimation of the status of the topsoil in the study area can be given.