直升机自然环境试验研究

介绍了直升机环境试验现状,分析了直升机开展自然环境试验的必要性及重要意义,针对直升机采用的材料、表面工艺、典型件等初步制定了自然环境试验方案,对直升机自然环境试验方案的规划与实施提出了建议。     

大型水生植物修复重金属污染水体研究进展

重金属污染水体的修复是一项艰巨的工程,以往的物理及化学修复不仅投资巨大而且效果不甚理想,而利用水生植物修复重金属污染水体是一种低廉有效的处理方法。文章综述了利用大型水生植物植物修复重金属水体的研究进展,重点阐述了4种生活型水生植物(挺水、漂浮、浮叶和沉水)对重金属的蓄积效果;并对植物修复重金属污染水体的影响因素如植物生活型、生物量、株龄以及重金属的类型、初始浓度和水体的理化性质等进行了讨论。最后,对利用组织培养技术进行植物筛选、利用基因工程技术使水生植物对重金属具有超蓄积能力、水生植物修复重金属污染水体机理机制研究以及应用多种类型植物的组合研究等方面进行了展望,并且提出了水生植物修复重金属污染水体的实际工程应用中需要注意的问题。     

PW_(12)/SiO_2光催化降解水中苯酚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化硅负载H3PW12O40催化剂,并采用红外光谱、XRD及BET对其进行了表征。研究了其对水中苯酚的光催化降解性。讨论了负载催化剂用量、光照时间对苯酚和TOC去除率的影响。结果表明:PW12/SiO2负载型催化剂用量为3g/L,光照6h,10mg/L苯酚水溶液中苯酚去除率为93.06%,TOC去除率为73.20%。PW12/SiO2多相光催化10mg/L苯酚水溶液降解反应和苯酚水溶液直接光解反应均为一级动力学反应。     

新一代X荧光仪在河流底质监测中的应用研究

文章主要介绍了新一代能量色散型X荧光分析仪在地面水监测(河流底质监测)中的应用研究。通过对成都市两条主要河流——府河和沙河部分河段中底泥沉积物现场取样分析样品中As、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd等元素含量,并利用地质累积指数法对两条河流取样段的重金属污染的现状和水平进行了初步评价,验证了X荧光分析方法作为一种快速分析手段在地面水监测中应用的可行性。     

兰州市区典型持久性有机污染物的生态风险评价

以兰州市区为研究区域,以屈(Chrysene)和2,3,7,8-四氯二苯-p-二噁英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)两种典型持久性污染物为例,应用RAIDAR(Risk Assessment Identification And Ranking)模型对它们在研究区域环境中的潜在生态风险进行模拟计算和评价,并根据LevelⅡ和LevelⅢ的计算结果对污染物按风险进行归类。模拟结果表明:以全部排放到大气计算,且以非生物介质中的阈值分析时,2,3,7,8-TCDD的RAF(Risk Assessment Factor)值是1940,归为A类化合物,CHr的RAF值为10.8,归为B类化合物。将RAIDAR模型用于污染物的风险评价,以筛选出那些急需进行评价的污染物作进一步的分析是很有研究意义的。     

BAF中多相流运动与处理效能关系的研究

曝气生物滤池(BAF)是近年来发展的一种新型污水处理技术,它具有工艺简单、占地节省、有机负荷与水力负荷高、投资较少等优点,特别适用于我国资金短缺的中小城镇分散型污水的处理。文章采用数值模拟与实验分析的方法研究前人较少涉及的BAF中气液两相流的相关规律,揭示流场形态与溶解氧的关系,并分析对反应器处理效能的影响。实验结果表明,纵横比、气体流速、曝气孔径三种因素均能改变流场形态,并且单位体积内气泡数量多、漩涡结构发展充分、气液两相混合充分的流场能使得污水处理效率得到提升。     

Short-term e ects of drawing water for connectivity of rivers and lakes on zooplankton community structure

During 28–29, September 2005, water was drawn from Hanjiang River and Houguan Lake to the Yangzi River via Sanjiao Lake and Nantaizi Lake in Wuhan in order to provide favorable conditions for ecosystem restoration. To evaluate the feasibility and validity of drawing water as a means of ecosystem restoration, zooplankton populations were studied 3 times (before, immediately after finishing and a month after drawing water) at seven locations from 27 Sept. 2005 to 2 Nov. 2005. Water quality in the lakes was mostly improved and zooplankton species richness decreased as soon as drawing water had finished but increased a month after drawing water. Zooplankton density and biomass was reduced in the lakes by drawing water but was increased at the entrance to Sanjiao Lake because of landform geometry change. Before drawing water, most species in Sanjiao Lake e.g., Brachionus sp. and Keratella sp. were tolerant of contamination. After drawing water oligotrophic-prone species such as Lecane ludwigii and Gastropus stylifer emerged. We conclude that drawing water could be important for improving water quality and favour ecosystem restoration. Dilution of nutrient concentrations may be an important role in the e ect.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the e ects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the gross primary production (GPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) increased, and the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased.With the variation of baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly a ected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor a ecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong e ect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

Short-term effects of drawing water for connectivity of rivers and lakes on zooplankton community structure

During 28-29,September 2005,water was drawn from Hanjiang River and Houguan Lake to the Yangzi River via Sanjiao Lake and Nantaizi Lake in Wuhan in order to provide favorable conditions for ecosystem restoration.To evaluate the feasibility and validity of drawing water as a means of ecosystem restoration,zooplankton populations were studied 3 times (before,immediately after finishing and a month after drawing water)at seven locations from 27 Sept.2005 to 2 Nov.2005.Water quality in the lakes was mostly improved and zooplankton species richness decreased as soon as drawing water had finished but increased a month after drawing water.Zooplankton density and biomass was reduced in the lakes by drawing water but was increased at the entrance to Sanjiao Lake because of landform geometry change.Before drawing water,most species in Sanjiao lake e.g.,Brachionus sp.and Keratella sp.were tolerant of contamination.After drawing water oligotrophic-prone species such as Lecane ludwigii and Gastropus stylifer emerged.We conclude that drawing water could be important for improving water quality and favour ecosystem restoration.Dilution of nutrient concentrations may be an important role in the effect.     

对试算内蒙古绿色国内生产总值的几点思考

绿色GDP是以绿色国民经济核算体系和环境污染经济损失估算体系为基础的环境经济综合核算体系(SEEA)的主要核算内容之一,其基本思路:国民净福利=国内生产总值+一切能带来净福利的其他一切活动成果-社会成本。源于国民核算的国民经济核算经过逐步的发展演变,理论日益成熟,核算方法-国民经济核算体系(SNA)日趋完善。我们应该立即开始从具体项目到局部地区进行不断的试验,试算内蒙古的绿色GDP。在明晰核算方法条件下的核算基本流程。