长江口北港上段河道枯季悬沙浓度垂向分布特征研究

基于2018年4月15日至4月24日在长江口北港主槽大小潮连续10天的定点水文泥沙观测资料,对枯季期间北港上段河道悬沙浓度的垂线分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：研究区域的悬沙浓度较低,大小潮平均值仅为0.17 kg/m3,悬沙浓度具有大潮显著高于小潮,涨落潮平均浓度接近的特点;水动力则具有大潮明显强于小潮、落潮明显强于涨潮的特点;观测期间的盐度值很低,平均值仅为0.16 psu,盐度的大小潮变化、涨落潮变化以及垂向变化都非常小,盐度密度分层对悬沙剖面影响微弱。在这种动力、泥沙和盐度环境下,大潮期间的悬沙剖面主要为斜线型和指数型;小潮期间的悬沙剖面有斜线型、垂线型和指数型,其中以斜线型占主导。通过Rouse公式拟合发现,大部分的实测悬沙剖面较符合Rouse公式,根据该公式计算得到的悬沙沉降速度介于0.36~2.89 mm/s。Soulsby公式能够对实测的斜线型和垂线型悬沙剖面进行较准确预测,平均误差控制在10%以内。     

Airborne foliar transfer of particular metals in Lactuca sativa L.: translocation,phytotoxicity, and bioaccessibility

The uptake, translocation, and human bioaccessibility of metals originating from atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM) after foliar exposure is not well understood. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants were exposed to micronic PbO, CuO, and CdO particulate matters (PMs) by the foliar pathway and mature plants (6 weeks old) were analyzed in terms of: (1) metal accumulation and localization on plant leaf surface, and metal translocation factor (TF) and global enrichment factor (GEF) in the plants; (2) shoot growth, plant dry weight (DW), net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and fatty acid ratio; (3) metal bioaccessibility in the plants and soil; and (4) the hazard quotient (HQ) associated with consumption of contaminated plants. Substantial levels of metals were observed in the directly exposed edible leaves and newly formed leaves of lettuce, highlighting both the possible metal transfers throughout the plant and the potential for human exposure after plant ingestion. No significant changes were observed in plant biomass after exposure to PbO, CuO, and CdO-PMs. The Gs and fatty acid ratio were increased in leaves after metal exposure. A dilution effect after foliar uptake was suggested which could alleviate metal phytotoxicity to some degree. However, plant shoot growth and Pn were inhibited when the plants are exposed to PbO, and necrosis enriched with Cd was observed on the leaf surface. Gastric bioaccessibility of plant leaves is ranked: Cd?>?Cu?>?Pb. Our results highlight a serious health risk of PbO, CuO, and CdO-PMs associated with consumption of vegetables exposed to these metals, even in newly formed leaves in the case of PbO and CdO exposure. Finally, the study highlights the fate and toxicity of metal rich-PMs, especially in the highly populated urban areas which are increasingly cultivated to promote local food.

     

Determination of the residue dynamics and dietary risk of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus and soil by LC-MS/MS

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus (including the whole citrus, peel and pulp) and soil samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. The detection limits of both compounds were 0.0001–0.0002?mg kg^–1, while the limit of quantification of thiamethoxam was 0.002?mg kg^–1 and the limit of quantitation of metabolites was 0.001?mg kg^–1. The recovery was 70.37%–109.76%, with inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) (n?=?15) values ≤9.46% for the two compounds in the four matrices. The degradation curve of thiamethoxam in whole citrus and soil was plotted using the first-order kinetic model. The half-life of the whole citrus was 1.9–6.2?days, and the half-life of the soil was 3.9–4.2?days. The terminal residue of thiamethoxam (the sum of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, expressed as thiamethoxam) was found to be concentrated on the peel. The final residual amount of thiamethoxam in the edible portion (pulp) was less than 0.061?mg kg^–1. The risk quotient values were all below 1, indicating that thiamethoxam as a citrus insecticide does not pose a health risk to humans at the recommended dosage.     

Control of NOx emissions by air staging in small- and medium-scale biomass pellet boilers

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The effect of air staging strategies on NOx control was investigated on a 210-kW small-scale biomass boiler (SBB) and a 1.4-MW medium-scale biomass...     

日本水环境质量监测管理概述

伴随着日本经济的高速发展,其水环境污染问题十分严峻,防治水污染成为日本政府在20—21世纪的重要工作之一。经过几十年的努力,日本水污染治理取得长足进展。目前日本水环境监测已经形成由水和土壤等方面组成的水循环监测体系,包括地表水、近海、湖泊、地下水和土壤等。在日本的重要环保法律法规中均有涉及水环境监测工作内容的明确法律条文,国家行政机关、地方政府和公立的科研单位在具体实施水环境质量监测过程中的职责和义务不同,水环境质量监测管理的国家行政机关以环境省为主,地方政府根据环境省制定的水环境质量标准、监测技术方法及规范,制定所辖地域的监测方案并实施监测,公立的环境科研机构在环境质量监测工作中起到重要的支撑作用。笔者概述了日本开展水环境质量监测的法律依据和监测管理情况等。     

我国中部城市环境全要素生产率的时空演变——基于Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数分解方法

采用Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数模型对我国中部地区80个地级市2003～2015年的城市环境全要素生产率及其分解部分进行了核算,在此基础上计算累积环境全要素生产率,运用核密度法分析了我国中部城市环境全要素生产率的地区差距和动态变化。研究发现:中部城市环境全要素生产率和技术进步分别以年均1. 39%、1. 85%的速度增长,技术效率以年均0. 02%的速度减少,中部城市环境全要素生产率增长主要由技术进步推动,技术效率出现退步迹象。中部地区环境全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步率城市间差距在逐渐缩小,中部城市间出现明显技术"追赶效应"。     

安徽省镇域经济发展水平的时空分异及空间格局影响因素

基于1 244个镇域研究单元的人均财政收入数据,采用多种空间方法分析安徽省镇域经济发展水平的时空差异特征,并运用地理加权回归（GWR）进行影响因素分析。结论如下：（1）从不平衡度指数看,该值在研究时序变化上先升后降,表明近期研究区内部差异程度有所减小;空间序列上南北差异较大,黄山、宣城等市内部差异较小,阜阳、亳州等市内部差异较大。（2）从Zip指数来看,虽然经济发展水平集中的力量逐渐减弱,但实力强劲乡镇的发展速度依然较快且其垄断性较强。（3）从空间分异格局看,高值区主要有两大组团,一处在皖南区集聚且逐渐向北扩展,但2016年有所缩减;另一处则贯穿南北形成条带状“串珠”,呈现先逐渐扩大后几乎消失的变化特征。中值区呈基底状分布在皖中区域。低值区分布在西北和东北,其中西北区逐渐向南扩大,东北区逐渐减小。（4）从空间集聚状态看,4种显著类型区均存在且以显著HH区和显著LL区为主。显著HH区在黄山市周围集聚,并逐渐向池州、宣城扩展;显著LL区在阜阳、亳州等市集聚,并逐渐向南延伸;显著HL区和显著LH区数量较少且集聚现象不明显。（5）从影响因素来看,基于回归系数的平均值对经济发展水平的影响从大到小依次为建成区人口/总人口>常住人口>从业人员>二三产业从业人员/从业人员>行政面积>建成区面积/总面积>工业增加值>人均工业产值>地均工业产值。     

Distribution,source, and environmental risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in water,suspended particulate matter,and sediment of a typical Yangtze River Delta City,China

Phthalates (PAEs) in drinking water sources such as the Yangtze River in developing countries had aroused widespread concern. Here, the water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples were collected from 15 sites in wet and dry seasons in Zhenjiang, for the determination of six PAEs (DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DEHP, and DOP) using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) or ultrasonic extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of six PAEs (Σ₆PAEs) spanned a range of 2.65–39.31 μg L^?1 in water, 1.97–34.10 μg g^?1 in SPM, and 0.93–34.70 μg g^?1 in sediment. The partition coefficients (K_d1) of PAEs in water and SPM phase ranged from 0.004 to 3.36 L g^?1 in the wet season and from 0.12 to 2.84 L g^?1 in the dry season. K_d2 of PAEs in water and sediment phase was 0.001–9.75 L g^?1 in the wet season and 0.006–8.05 L g^?1 in the dry season. The dominant PAEs were DIBP, DBP, and DEHP in water and SPM, DIBP, DEHP, and DOP in sediment. The concentration of DBP in water exceeded the China Surface Water Standard. The discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater might be the main potential sources of PAEs. The risk quotient (RQ) method used for the risk assessment revealed that DBP (0.01 < RQ < 1) posed a medium risk, while DIBP and DEHP (RQ > 1) posed a high environmental risk in water, DIBP (RQ > 1) also showed a high risk in sediment.

     

厌氧-好氧生物反应器填埋工艺特性研究

基于生物反应器填埋技术,研究1种填埋场地循环操作的厌氧-好氧生物反应器填埋工艺,设计了该工艺模拟装置并研究了其运行工艺特性.厌氧阶段主要通过渗滤液回灌控制反应器工艺条件,主要试验结果为,pH值,R1在 6周后可上升至6.7～7.8,R2在17周内一直低于6.8;渗滤液COD浓度,R1在13周时下降至10?617 mg/L,R2在5周后上升至60?000 mg/L后长期趋于稳定;填埋气累计产量,R1在8周达到44%,R2几乎不产气.衡量稳定化可以分别采用渗滤液pH、COD浓度及BOD₅/COD的减少率、填埋气的累计产率等指标来判断,并据此转换为好氧填埋运行.好氧阶段主要是通过强制通风来减少恶臭和水分,主要试验结果为,通风19d氨气浓度降为1.16 mg/m³,通风23d后恶臭浓度降为19;通风14d后含水率降为26%.完成此阶段的工艺指标值可依据矿化垃圾开采的最终用途确定.对主要试验数据进行了数值模拟.厌氧-好氧填埋过程的微生物演替经RISA分析,有4个优势菌群,一些兼性菌群在厌氧-好氧阶段起着重要的承前启后作用.     

蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响

以灰化土(Aquods soil)为供试土壤,分别加入4种含量的Cd2 (0、5、10、20 mg·kg-1)模拟土壤污染,设置单独加8条蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)、单独接种菌根(Inoculum Endorize-Mix2)、同时接种蚯蚓和菌根的3种处理,以不加蚯蚓和菌根为对照,各处理均种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum),研究蚯蚓、菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响.结果表明:(1)菌根对土壤pH无明显影响,加蚯蚓可使土壤pH比对照约降低0.2,蚯蚓和菌根同时作用对土壤pH降低没有协同作用.(2)蚯蚓或菌根的加入均能显著增加土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,蚯蚓的影响大于菌根,同时加入蚯蚓和接种菌根对土壤中DOC的增加有一定的拮抗作用.(3)蚯蚓活动增加了黑麦草根部Cd的积累,菌根则能促进Cd从黑麦草根部向地上部转移,二者具有促进Cd向地上部分转移的协同作用.(4)蚓粪和土壤中DTPA提取态Cd含量与黑麦草吸收Cd量呈显著相关(p＜0.01),而蚓粪中DTPA提取态Cd含量均显著高于土壤中的含量(p＜0.05).因此,蚓粪中有效态Cd是植物吸收Cd的重要供源.